Types of Plots

Kinds of Plots Kinds of Plots Kinds of Plots By Mark Nichol What number of plot types are there, and does it truly make a difference? Also, in the event that you compose true to life, as opposed to fiction, for what reason would it be advisable for you to peruse this post? (I surmise you’ll need to peruse the post to discover.) Consistently, journalists have placed different conclusions about what number of particular sorts of stories exist. A few of the more noticeable hypotheses follow: Three Types William Foster Harris, in The Basic Patterns of Plot, recommends that the three plot types are the upbeat closure, the miserable consummation, and catastrophe. What’s the contrast between the second and third sorts? A catastrophe is recognized from a troubled completion halfway by the greatness of the result yet generally in that the lead character endeavors to accomplish something set apart by exorbitant pride, overweening desire, or another character imperfection and that the result appears destined by destiny. Seven Types Christopher Booker, in The Seven Basic Plot Points: Why We Tell Stories, records the plot types as Overcoming the Monster, the Quest, the Voyage and Return, Rags to Riches, and the Rebirth, just as Comedy and Tragedy. From the outset, the last two terms appear to be more similar to sorts than plots, yet a satire, however it may likewise fit into one of the other five sorts, is regularly set apart by a standard cluster of miscues and misfortunes, and, as implied in the past section, a disaster has a tight center: The hero risks everything, and destiny reacts. Another septet, one that may appear to be marginally off point, is a rundown of plot clashes, yet the things typify essential storylines too. In (to some degree discretionary) request of expanding multifaceted nature, the duels are individual versus destiny (or God), individual versus self, individual versus individual, individual versus society, individual versus nature, individual versus the extraordinary, and individual versus innovation. Twenty Types Ronald Tobias, in 20 Master Plots and How to Build Them, shares a score of story types. I won’t show them everything (you can undoubtedly discover them through an online pursuit), yet they run from the essential (the Quest) to the tolerably mind boggling (Revenge) to the more complex (Metamorphosis) and past. Thirty-Six Types Georges Polti, in The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations, shuns the nuts and bolts for explicit ideas including Daring Enterprise, Fatal Imprudence, and Erroneous Judgment, just as a few assortments of stories of adoration and penance. (Once more, the full program is accessible via looking through on the web.) Categorizing Plot Types Is it fundamental for essayists to think about these qualifications? Does one have to realize the plot sort of one’s story? Can’t you simply compose your story? You’re welcome to disregard arrangement, yet think about the advantages: By coordinating your story to at least one plot types, you can mine the customs of that type (or those sorts). In the event that you compose a journey story or a comparable kind whether set in a dream domain or in reality without misusing the standard of three, for instance, it will come up short on the reverberation of its progenitors. You can, obviously, oppose desires by maintaining a strategic distance from clichã ©s, however in the event that you give a name to the kind of story you are advising, you are bound to perceive chances to do as such. Be that as it may, what does plot have to do with genuine? All accounts even authentic ones have a plot, and particularly when you compose story verifiable, you ought to perceive the boundaries you are following or surpassing. Is your profile of an individual or an organization or association, or your record of an occasion or an episode, a story of recovery, or one of hubris, or one of rebel against lack of concern or a foreordained way, or something different? Consider your story’s figurative and symbolic potential, and benefit from its similarity to different stories as you construct it. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Fiction Writing class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:When to use on and when to utilize inLatin Plural EndingsGrammatical Case in English

Bless Me Essay Example For Students

Favor Me Essay Favor me, Ultima Essay What is confidence? Does everybody have confidence? Is confidence having confidence in something you havent seen however you believe is valid? These inquiries have an answer and in Bless me, Ultima by Rodolfo Anaya these inquiries are significant. Truth be told, numerous individuals question their confidence since they are befuddled about what they see or hear. In Bless me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya shows that on this world there are numerous kinds of confidence one has faith in. The creator utilizes symbolism, legends, and dream arrangements to pass on the significance of Bless me, Ultima. Anaya utilizes symbolism to show how Christianity and black magic are two distinct convictions, and they are in struggle with one another. The symbolism gives an image of Tonys strife of Ultima passing on. For instance, When Tony was close to Ultima he realized she was going to kick the bucket. As Ultima was biting the dust, Her voice extremely frail, her eyes previously coated with death. 260 Anaya makes that symbolism for us to perceive what Tony was seeing. Second, Anaya utilizes dream groupings to show that Tony has clashes with himself about his convictions. He addresses his confidence in this fantasy since he fears what he may discover. In his fantasy Tony says, Everything I have faith in was decimated. A difficult twisting in my heart made me cry so anyone might hear, why God? my God, why have you spurned me! 243 Tony can't acknowledge what's going on. For what reason do every single great individuals need to pass on? Truth be told, Anaya utilizes old stories in this story to show that each language there is legends about religions that has confidence in. In this manner, in this part it says The Agua Negra was the place where there is the Commanche Indians. Three Commanche struck the herd of one. So granddad Tellez hanged them and left them hung on a tree. Presently their spirits meandered around the farm. 227 This is one fables from the story. Many are passed down from age to age. All in all, Anaya demonstrated how Tony had numerous contentions with himself about religion and convictions. Any convictions that one has will be not quite the same as somebody elses. In Bless me, Ultima Rodolfo Anaya shows that this world are numerous kinds of religions. However, one has an opportunity to pick ones way throughout everyday life. Regardless of whether is to put stock in a divine being or not.

Vegetables Nutrition and Food Free Essays

Vegetables A vegetable is a piece of a plant devoured by people that is commonly exquisite yet isn't sweet. A vegetable isn't viewed as a grain, natural product, nut, zest, or herb. For instance, the stem, root, blossom, and so forth. We will compose a custom paper test on Vegetables: Nutrition and Food or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now , might be eaten as vegetables. Vegetables contain numerous nutrients and minerals; be that as it may, various vegetables contain various spreads, so it is critical to eat a wide assortment of types. For instance, green vegetables commonly contain nutrient A, dull orange and dim green vegetables contain nutrient C,and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium. Vegetables are extremely low in fats and calories, yet fixings included arrangement can regularly include these. [edit]Fruits as far as food (instead of herbal science), organic products are the sweet-tasting seed-bearing pieces of plants, or once in a while sweet pieces of plants which don't bear seeds. These incorporate apples, oranges, plums, bananas, and so on. Organic products are low in calories and fat and are a wellspring of common sugars, fiber and nutrients. Preparing natural products when canning or making into juices may include sugars and evacuate supplements. The natural product nutrition type is in some cases joined with the vegetable nutrition type. Note that numerous nourishments considered natural products in organic science since they bear seeds are not viewed as natural products in cooking since they do not have the trademark sweet taste, e. g. , tomatos or avocados. [edit]Oils The food pyramid prompts that fats be expended sparingly. Margarine and oils are instances of fats. Solid wellsprings of fat can be found in fish, nuts, and certain products of the soil, for example, avocados. [edit]Dairy Dairy items are created from the milk of well evolved creatures, most for the most part however not solely steers. They incorporate milk, yogurt and cheddar. Milk and its subsidiary items are a rich wellspring of dietary calcium, yet additionally give protein, phosphorus, nutrient An, and nutrient D. Be that as it may, numerous dairy items are high in immersed fat and cholesterol contrasted with vegetables, foods grown from the ground grains, which is the reason skimmed items are accessible as another option. For grown-ups, three cups of dairy items are suggested every day. [8][9] [edit]Meat and beans Meat is the tissue †for the most part muscle †of a creature devoured by people. Since most pieces of numerous creatures are eatable, there is an immense assortment of meats. Meat is a significant wellspring of protein, just as iron, zinc, and nutrient B12. Meats, poultry, and fish incorporate hamburger, chicken, pork, salmon, fish, shrimp, and eggs. The meat bunch is one of the major compacted nutritional categories in the food direct pyramid. A large number of similar supplements found in meat can likewise be found in nourishments like eggs, dry beans, and nuts, such food sources are ordinarily positioned in a similar classification as meats, as meat options. These incorporate tofu, items that look like meat or fish however are made with soy, eggs, and cheeses. For the individuals who don't devour meat or creature items (see Vegetarianism, veganism and Taboo food and drink), meat analogs, tofu, beans, lentils, chick peas, nuts and other high-protein vegetables are additionally remembered for this gathering. The food control pyramid recommends that grown-ups eat 2â€3 servings every day. One serving of meat is 4 oz (110 g), about the size of a deck of cards. 1. Normal hunger suppressant on the off chance that you are thinking about whether this implies you ought to supplant your standard dinners with gallons of water, no. At the point when our bodies are got dried out, it can here and there misjudge hunger for hunger. In the distressing office condition that we work in, we will for the most part connect for some espresso or snatch anything sweet so it can both give us a fast lift in vitality and simultaneously check what we accept is hunger. Since what our body is really hoping to be hydrated as opposed to being taken care of, this bogus sign of craving will before long return bringing about you enjoying a great deal of superfluous nibbling. We as a whole comprehend what the result of that will be. At the point when you have a jug of water at your work area, you have a higher inclination to drink it than if you needed to continually get it from the storeroom. So toward the beginning of the work day, keep a one liter jug of water at your work area and expect to complete everything by noon. After lunch, recharge that jug and expect to complete it before you finish for the afternoon. For all you espresso consumers, don’t think for a second that every one of those espresso you drink is sufficient to hydrate your body. Caffeine is a diuretic that really get dried out you. So espresso consumers ought to really drink more water. . Improves Fat Metabolism Our liver is an astounding organ that is answerable for using fat among numerous other significant capacities, for example, purifying your collection of poisons, separating liquor, and so on. Processing fat fundamentally implies changing over fat to be utilized as vitality. Drinking water helps weight reduction by guaranteeing your liver is using fat appropriately. At the point when your body is got dried out, your kidney capacities are influenced. On the off chance that your kidneys can't perform appropriately, the liver strides up to take on its obligations and consequently gets over-burden. At the point when that happens the liver won’t have the option to assist you with consuming fat adequately. On the off chance that you practice and don’t drink enough water, this will discredit the fat copying advantages of your exercises inside and out. Never hold up till you are parched to drink water. At the point when your body needs to flag ache to you, that implies you are as of now very nearly drying out and your liver is going to stay at work past 40 hours and in the process influencing your fat consuming viability. 3. Improve practice execution Everyone realizes that keeping up legitimate hydration is essential previously, during and after exercise. In the event that you don't drink adequate water, your blood thickens and it gets more enthusiastically for your body to move oxygen and supplements to your muscles to successfully play out your exercises. On the off chance that you can’t take advantage of your exercises, how are you going to consume fat productively? Moreover, as your activity, your body warms up. Without appropriate hydration, your body sticks on to what small amount water it has. This implies you won't have the option to sweat and chill your body off during exercise bringing about your body overheating and in serious cases, prompting heat stroke. Prior to your activity, expect to drink at any rate a tall glass of water. Keep a huge container of water helpful and drink it continually during your activity to keep yourself hydrated all through the exercise meeting. 4. Consume additional calories Drinking water helps weight reduction by helping your consume additional calories also. Researchers in Germany found that drinking at any rate 500 ml of water at a time expanded our metabolic rate by 30% in a short time. This expanded digestion will continue for as long as 40 minutes and during this time, 100 additional calories are singed. Intend to drink at any rate 2 liters of water when you are in the workplace to wreck to 400 additional calories daily. Toward the start, don’t stress in the event that you are out of nowhere visiting the washroom all the more frequently because of your expanded water consumption. This fair implies your body is presently ready to discharge water that it has been keeping in your body. As you keep on drinking more water, your body will perceive that it doesn’t have store water any longer and will presently taking into account a superior guideline of liquid inside your body. We as a whole realize that water is life. It’s no incident that drinking more water is consistently the exhortation we get at whatever point we are not feeling admirably. So before you connect for the following â€Å"state-of-the-art† fat misfortune pill for the fastest method to get in shape, check out drinking more water. Furthermore, the response to the generally posed inquiry, â€Å"Can drinking water help weight reduction? † will be pleasingly obvious to you. In the event that you work in an office and can’t appear to discover time to get more fit, there are increasingly incredible weight reduction tips to tell you the best way to get thin and theâ quickest approach to get more fit. Additionally, you can get your hands on the free fat misfortune starter pack that has helped numerous others lose up to 5 lbs in the main week. Visit corporatefatlossplan. com now! What is a solid eating regimen? | Hunter-gatherers living on their conventional weight control plans are essentially liberated from heart, malignant growth and other degenerative maladies basic in the western world. | Since this article manages good dieting propensities, an inquiry stays to be replied: what establishes a solid eating regimen? Shockingly, there are a bigger number of assessments about this than there are wellbeing specialists. To additionally entangle the issue, dietary ideas change after some time, leaving the vast majority befuddled and unsure about what or whom to trust. One answer for this issue is to turn out to be adequately educated about the applicable subjects and depend on motivation to make essential determinations. Along withâ personal experimentation, such methodology will empower you to set up smart dieting propensities that work particularly well for your body. This requires some serious energy and requires discipline, yet considering the enduring advantages good dieting can give, the exertion is all the more at that point well justified, despite all the trouble. So as to decide the negligible essential necessities of a sound eating regimen, I inferred that it is sheltered to begin with the accompanying two targets: 1. xamine human eating regimen after some time †the nourishments people devoured since the appearance of our species. 2. look at diets of ethnic gatherings known for their great wellbeing. | The customary living Okinawans and individuals from the other Ryukyu Islands have the most noteworthy life span on the planet. This is somewhat credited to eat less carbs, yet in addition to different factors, for example, way of life, hereditary qualities, and mental prosperity. | Looking at the sort of diets people lived on through outâ pre-history, gives great bits of knowledge into the sort of nourishments human body is very much adjusted at using and managing. Further, the eating regimens of certain ethnic gatherings that are notable for acceptable wellbeing †theâ people of Okinawa (Japan); conventional societies in the Mediterr

Cyclic Voltammetry Principle

Cyclic Voltammetry Principle Cyclic voltammetry is the most generally utilized method for procuring subjective data about electrochemical responses [34, 35]. The intensity of cyclic voltammetry results from its capacity to give impressive data on the thermodynamics and energy of heterogeneous electron move responses [47, 48], and coupled synthetic responses [36, 37]. It likewise gives numerical examination of an electron move process at an anode [41, 49, 50]. Essential Principle of Cyclic voltammetry An electron move process with a solitary advance might be spoken to as; O + ne à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ R (2.1) where O and R are oxidized and diminished type of electoractive species individually, which either is solvent in arrangement or assimilated on the cathode surface and are moved by dispersion alone. Cyclic voltammetry comprises of filtering directly the capability of a fixed working terminal (in an unstirred arrangement), utilizing a triangular potential waveform. Contingent upon the data looked for, single or different cycles can be utilized. During the potential compass, the potentiostat measures the current coming about because of the applied potential. The subsequent plot of current versus potential is named as cyclic voltammogram. The excitation signal in cyclic voltammetry is given in Fig. 2.1a. At first the capability of the cathode is Ei. At that point the potential is cleared directly at the pace of Þâ ½ volts every second. In cyclic voltammetry inversion procedure is done by switching bearing of output after a specific time t =ãžâ » .The potential whenever E (t) is given by E (t) = Ei Þâ ½t t E (t) = Ei 2ãžâ ½Ã£Å¾Ã¢ » + Þâ ½t t㠢†°Ã¢ ¥Ã£Å¾Ã¢ » (2.2b) Hereãžâ ½ is check rate in V/s. The state of the subsequent cyclic voltammogram can be subjectively clarified as follows: At the point when potential is expanded from the area where oxidized structure O is steady, cathodic current begins to stream as potential methodologies E0 for R/O couple until a cathodic pinnacle is reached. Subsequent to crossing the potential district in which the decrease procedure happens, the bearing of potential compass is turned around. The response occurring in the forward sweep can be communicated as O + e-à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ’ R During the converse sweep, R particle (created in the forward half cycle, and aggregated close to the surface) is reoxidized back to O and anodic pinnacle results. R à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¾Ã£ ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ® O + e- In the forward sweep as potential moves past Eo, the close terminal convergence of O tumbles to zero, the mass exchange of O arrives at a most extreme rate, in unstirred arrangement, this rate at that point decreases as the exhaustion of O further and further from anode happens. Prior to dropping again current goes through a most extreme. Inversion of output rehashes the above arrangement of occasions for the oxidation of electrochemically produced R that currently prevails in close anode area. The consistent change in the surface focus is combined with an extension of the dispersion layer thickness (true to form in the calm arrangements). The subsequent current pinnacles in this way mirror the persistent difference in the focus inclination with time, consequently, the expansion to the pinnacle current compares to the accomplishment of dispersion control, while the present drop (past the pinnacle) shows a t-1/2 reliance (autonomous of the applied potential). For the above reasons, the inversion current has a similar shape as the forward one. Electrochemical Cell Electrochemical cell is a fixed vessel which is intended to forestall the passage of air. It has a bay and outlet to permit the immersion of arrangement with an idle gas, N2 or Ar. Expulsion of O2 is normally important to forestall flows because of the decrease of O2 meddling with reaction from framework under investigation. The standard electrochemical cell comprises of three terminals drenched in an electrolyte; Working terminal (WE) Reference terminal (RE) Counter terminal (CE) Working Electrode (WE) The presentation of the voltammetric technique is emphatically impacted by the working cathode material. Since the response of intrigue (decrease or oxidation) happens on working terminal, it ought to give high motion toward commotion attributes, just as a reproducible reaction. Accordingly, its determination relies fundamentally upon two factors: the redox conduct of the objective analyte and the foundation current over the potential district required for the estimation. Different contemplations incorporate the potential window, electrical conductivity, surface reproducibility, mechanical properties, cost, accessibility and poisonousness. A scope of materials have discovered application as working terminals for electroanalysis, the most well known are those including mercury, carbon or honorable metals (especially platinum and gold). Reference Electrode (RE) This utilitarian anode has a consistent potential so it tends to be utilized as reference standard against which capability of other terminal present in the cell can be estimated. Regularly utilized reference anodes are silver-silver chloride or the calomel cathode. Counter of Auxiliary Electrode (CE) It is likewise named as helper cathode and fills in as source or sink for electrons with the goal that current can be passed from outer circuit through the cell. The potential at WE is checked and controlled exactly as for RE by means of potentiostat. This might be controlled thusly by means of interfacing with a PC. The ideal waveform is forced on the potential at the WE by a waveform generator. The potential drop V is generally estimated by the present streaming between the WE and CE over a resistor R (from which (I=V/R), the last associated in arrangement with the two cathodes. The subsequent I/V follow, named as a voltammogram is then either plotted out by means of a XY graph recorder or, where conceivable, held in a PC to permit any ideal information control preceding printed copy being taken. Single Electron Transfer Process Three kinds of single electron move procedure can be examined. Reversible procedure Irreversible procedure Semi reversible procedure In view of estimations of electrochemical parameters, for example top potential Ep, half pinnacle potential (Ep/2), half wave potential (E1/2), top current (ip), anodic pinnacle potential Epa, cathodic pinnacle potential Epc and so forth, it very well may be found out whether a response is reversible, irreversible or semi reversible. Ep is the potential relating to top current ip, Ep/2 is the potential comparing to 0.5 ip, E1/2 is the potential comparing to 0.85 ip. Theseâ electrochemical parameters can be graphically gotten from the voltammogram as appeared in the Fig. 2.2. Reversible Process The heterogeneous exchange of electron from a terminal to a reducible animal groups and the other way around O + ne à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ R is a type of Nernstian terminal response with presumption that at the outside of anode, pace of electron move is fast to the point that a powerful harmony is set up and Nernstian condition holds for example CO(0,t) à ¢Ã«â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ CR(0,t) = Exp[(nFà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢RT)(Ei-Þâ ½t-Eo)] (2.3) In condition (2.3), Co and CR are grouping of oxidized and diminished species at the outside of terminal as a component of time, Eo is the standard anode potential, Ei is the underlying potential and Þâ ½ is the sweep rate in volts every second. Under these conditions, the oxidized and decreased species engaged with a cathode response are in harmony at the anode surface and such a terminal response is named as a reversible response. Current Expression Because of distinction in convergence of electroactive species at the outside of anode and the focus in the mass, dissemination controlled mass vehicle happens. Ficks second law can be applied to get time subordinate focus dissemination in one component of extending dispersion layer. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ci(x, t) à ¢Ã«â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã£ ¢Ã«â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡t = Dià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡2Ci(x, t) à ¢Ã«â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã£ ¢Ã«â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡x2 (2.4) Pinnacle current is a trademark amount in reversible cyclic voltammetric process. The present articulation is acquired by tackling Ficks law [51]. I = nFACo*(à Ã¢â€š ¬Doa)1/2 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(at) (2.5) where I = current, n = number of electrons moved, An is the territory of terminal, Co* is the mass centralization of oxidized species, Do is the dissemination coefficient, à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ (at) is the present capacity and a = nFÃŽÂ ½/RT At 298K, work à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡(at) and the present potential bend arrives at their greatest for the decrease procedure at a potential which is 28.5/n mV more negative than the half wave potential for example at n(Ep-E1/2) = 28.50 mV, à Ã¢â€š ¬1/2㠏†¡(at) = 0.4463 ( Table 2.1). At that point the present articulation for the forward potential sweep becomes (2.6) where ip is the pinnacle present or most extreme current. Utilizing T=298K, Area (An) in cm2, Diffusion coefficient (Do) in cm2/s, grouping of species O (Co*) in moles dm-3 and Scan rate (Þâ ½) in volts sec-1, condition (2.6) takes the accompanying structure, (2.7) Condition (2.7) is called Randles Sevick condition [39, 40]. Demonstrative Criteria of Reversibility Certain all around characterized trademark esteems can be gotten from the voltammogram, for a reversible electrochemical response. Connection between top potential (Ep) and half wave potential (E1/2) for a reversible response is given by, (2.8a) (2.8b) Where E1/2 is potential relating to I = 0.8817ip [41]. At 298 K (2.8c) From conditions (2.8a) and (2.8b) one acquires, (2.9a) At 298K (2.9b) The pinnacle voltage position doesn't adjust as output rate shifts. Now and again, the exact assurance of pinnacle potential Ep isn't simple on the grounds that the watched CV top is fairly more extensive. So it is in some cases increasingly advantageous to report the potential at I = 0.5ip called half pinnacle potential, which can be utilized for E1/2 assurance [52]. (2.10a) At 298 K (2.10b) (2.10c) From conditions (2.8a) and (2.10a) we get, (2.11a) At 298K (2.11b)

Gift Provides $10 Million Endowment for Financial Aid at SIPA and GSAS COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Gift Provides $10 Million Endowment for Financial Aid at SIPA and GSAS COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you havent been following SIPA News on our website, you may have missed the announcement about the gift we just received from Kathryn W. Davis that will financially support a few SIPA and GSAS students each year.   This is especially great news for incoming international students who would benefit from these scholarships. The late Kathryn Wasserman Davis ’31 GSAS, ’97 HON, a visionary philanthropist made a bequest of $10 million to support international graduate students at Columbia. This generous donation will provide significant fellowship funding to students at SIPA and GSAS each year beginning in 2014-15. Ms. Davis, who died earlier this year, had a long and remarkable record of philanthropy that included extensive support not only for higher education but for environmental charities and humanitarian projects worldwide. The young Kathryn Wasserman earned a BA at Wellesley, an MA at Columbia, and, at a time when few women did so, a doctorate in political science from the University of Geneva. Russia long held special interest for her, inspiring her book, The Soviets at Geneva: The U.S.S.R. and the League of Nations, 1919-1933. Having traveled extensively with her family as a young woman, she remained a dedicated globetrotter after her marriage to the late Shelby Cullom Davis ’31 GSAS, an investment banker, philanthropist, and former ambassador who died in 1994. In giving tens of millions of dollars to institutions and programs including the Davis United World College Scholars Program, Davis Projects for Peace, Columbia University, and many others, Ms. Davis sought to deepen understanding of global challenges, a cause to which she and her husband dedicated their lives. To now support students who will find solutions to the problems of today and tomorrow is both public-spirited and farsighted. The endowment gift builds on a previous gift from Mr. and Ms. Davis, who in 1991 established one academic chair at GSAS and another at SIPA, where Stephen Sestanovich is the current Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Professor for the Practice of International Diplomacy. Their largesse strengthens the connection between GSAS, where they both studied, and SIPA. Under the terms of the latest bequest, funds will be divided among at least 15 full-time students from Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union, China, and Taiwan. Recipients will be selected by a committee of six faculty members in consultation with the Davis Foundation. Building financial aid resources for our students is a top priority for SIPA, and we are extremely fortunate to have supporters like Kathryn W. Davis who help ensure the School’s continued excellence. SIPA will long be grateful for her generosity.

Describe People Living In Oklahoma During Paleo-Indian Period - 2750 Words

Describe People Living In Oklahoma During Paleo-Indian Period (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDatePaleoindian Period in OklahomaHuman migration into North America is thought to have begun after the Pleistoceneextinctions, which was a period of extreme weather characterized by an extensive cover of ice and glaciers. Anthropologists believe that the Paleoindian period commenced around twelve thousand years ago when humans thought to be from Asia migrated to North America via a land-bridge or merely crafted water vessels (Goebel, Waters and Rourke 1497). In fact, Archeologists suggest that between 11,000 and 8000 B.P., which was in the Paleoindian period, Native Americans occupying the vast prairie region plains of North America Great Plains utilized bifacial-shaped flaked stone technology (Bamforth 55). There is also evidence showing that the people inhabiting North American Great Plains depended on stone tools to sharpen and mold tools that helped them to hunt wild animals and access raw materials (Bamforth 55). Accordingly, this analysis wi ll review evidence obtained in various sites that support the Paleoindian period in Oklahoma. Goebel, Waters, and Rourke (1497) suggested that in the past people believed that the first migrants into America might have roamed through the Great Plains nearly thirteen thousand years ago. Accordingly, scientists concur that the Great Plains of North Americas early inhabitants may have come from Asia through the Bering Strait as a land-bridge formed that and allowed them to traverse across the Arctic Ocean and make way into America (Goebel, Waters and Rourke 1497). They also have uncovered evidence of fluted and non-fluted spear points, which matched Paleoindian cultures that lived in the middle and the end of the Paleoindian period (Hofman et al. 26). The Pre-Clovis Culture There have been a few debates that tend to find out whether the Great Plains were inhabited initially by another culture before the Clovis people. Some experts believe that some evidence obtained from pre-Clovis sit es could be the answer to this fact-impeding query. In Kiowa County, Oklahoma, the Cooperton site located the Southwestern part of the state may have provided evidence of Pre-Clovis culture, where the remains of a corpse belonging to an immature male mammoth were found in the alluvial deposits. Various cobbles were found near the carcass remains, and the archeologists interpreted them as hammerstones. A boulder, which was relatively small was also located near the site, and it was suggested that it was an anvil (Hofman et al. 27). The mammoths remains showed that the bones might have been intentionally broken by individuals who may have wanted to extract the bone marrow for food or may have utilized them as tools. However, no evidence was gathered to support that the mammoth was hunted by human beings (Hofman et al. 27). The bone remains of the mammoth were taken through a series of radiocarbon dating, which showed that the carcass was aged between 17,000 and 21, 000 years before pr esent. The fractures on the mammoths bones may have been as a result of trampling, and experts suggest that the site could have been a location for bone quarrying or human scavenging during the pre-Clovis era (Hofman et al. 28).In Oklahoma, there were some pre-Clovis sites that were exposed in the northern part. These sites have brought forth numerous debates about the topic of pre-Clovis evidence in the state. In Woodward County, the remains of a mammoths skeleton that had spiral fractures were found at a site named, the Bartow mammoth site (Stout 17). Nevertheless, there were no diagnostic artefacts at the location mentioned above. Still, in Woodward County, a second pre-Clovis site was exposed, and it consisted of a skeleton from the extinct bison. With the bison frame, archeologists found what they considered to be human-made flakes. However, the site could not provide evidence of any cultural affiliation (Stout 18).The Clovis PeopleThe start of the Paleoindian period was exhibi ted by the occupation of the earliest humans to be documented in North America, the Clovis people. Although there has been evidence of older occupations in other parts of the America continents, many archeologists agree that the Clovis persons were the first inhabitants of the Great Plains (Stout 22). In fact, many archeological sites support the finding because so many artifacts have been identified in various places ranging from New Mexico to Canada. The Blackwater Draw Locality in New Mexico was the first site that provided objects that proved that the Clovis people inhabited North America during the Paleoindian period (Stout 22). Typical Clovis fashioned tools that exhibited lanceolate points with flutes and basal grinding were located near mammoth remains in the Northern part of New Mexico. Tools with fluted ends have been uncovered in some sections of the Atlantic coast and California. However, most of the Clovis sites are concentrated in the vast prairie regions of North Amer ica (Hofman et al. 29).According to the evidence obtained from various places, anthropologists infer that the primary economic activity of the Clovis persons seemed to concentrate on hunting mammoths. In Oklahoma, different archeological sites provide varying evidence supporting the occupation of Clovis people during the Paleoindian period (Hofman et al. 29). The artifacts retrieved from these sites usually indicate an age ranging between 12,000 to 10,000 years. The age corresponds to the appearance of the Clovis people and the extinction of the mammoth species (Stout 23). The Domebo site is located in Caddo County, which is in the Southeastern part of Oklahoma and it offers great insight into the Clovis culture. Adrian Anderson and Buck Patterson found parts of the remains of a mammoths vertebrae, skull, and tusk that were revealed in a fine sedimentation of bluish-gray silt. The mammoths remains were discovered in a spring-fed rivers bank. Other bones were revealed when heavy rain s destroyed a dam and caused the bottom of a deep ravine to be exposed. Near the mammoths carcass, fluted points that resembled those utilized by the Clovis people were unearthed. Additionally, other fluted points were discovered with the mammoths skeletal material (Stephens 153). Calvin Graybill SiteAccording to Thurmond (291), a Clovis archeological site was exposed in Dewey County in southwestern Oklahoma, which is known as the Calvin Graybill. As explained by Thurmond, the site was located in the uplands close to the ridge that divides the Canadian and Washita rivers in the western part of Oklahoma. There were flake tools that were discovered on the surface and the fact that the tools showed functional harmony in the assemblage and the lack of campsite debris indicated that the tools belonged to a culture that existed during the Paleoindian period (Thurmond 291). According to Stout, the site contained one tooth fragment and many lithic materials indicating evidence of the Clovis cultures (Stout 23). When the site was discovered about six decades ago, four lithic tools and a projectile point belonging to the Clovis community were found by the team of archaeologists in the area (Stout 24). Thurmond shows that the site was highly disturbed as various constructions had been carried out near the site and most of the artifacts may have been destroyed (Thurmond 291). During the Paleoindian period, some of the tools were composed of non-local materials such as Ogallala, Dakota quartzite, and dolomite (Stout 24). The site provided tools that were made from dolomite that was Alibates agatized. These tools included several flakes and a projectile. Two flakes made from Dakota and Ogallala quartzite were found together with scrapers that were retooled and altered (Stout 24). The scrapers seemed to be composed of different materials, which included Dakota and Ogallala quartzite. All the tools resembled and pointed to those utilized by Paleoindian hunters. They epi tomized a Paleoindians equipment that had the same scrapers, knives, and projectile sections. According to Stout (24), the Alibates equipment had been utilized substantially, and experts guess that the tool creators had may not have visited the Alibates excavation location once more (Stout 24). In fact, many of the relics uncovered at the Calvin Graybill area symbolized the distinctive Clovis culture. Besides, they resembled others discovered in various Clovis areas throughout the North American Great Plains. As suggested by Stout, these tools may have been used by the Clovis people in the Paleoindian period to hunt animals and aid in processing the animals remains (Stout 24). Jake Bluff SiteCarlson, Bement, Culleton and Kennett describe the Jake Bluff site, which is in the northwestern part of Oklahoma along the Beaver River, where evidence of Clovis-aged bison bones was found dispersed along a floodplain (Carlson et al. 201). The plain is famous for its abundance of artifacts res embling other tools from Paleoindian sites hence showing proof of hunting sites around that area (Stout 25). As Carlson et al. shows, the Jake Bluff site was very close to the Cooper site where Folsom materials had been excavated (Carlson et al. 201). The bluff where the bison bones were discovered overlooks the floodplain adjacent to the Beaver River, and the bones had accumulated on the rim of a paleo-arroyo (Stout 25). The bison bones were concentrated in a four square meter unit, where the identifiable components included lumbar vertebrae, femur, sacrum, carpal, and ulna (Carlson et al. 202). A thorough examination of the bison bones revealed that they belonged to an extinct animal labeled Bison antiquus, a species of the bison genus that existed in the Paleoindian period (Stout 25). The lithic artifacts found at Jake Bluff location were similar to th...

Technology Networking Project Tools and Better Utilization...

Technology, Networking, Project Tools, and Better Utilization of Social and Corporate Capital in the Provision of Legal Services to Low-Income Sector Statement of Thesis Use of project management tools in the form of information technology tools serves to enable the Legal Services organization in achieving its mission while doing so in a manner that does not create great expense for the organization. Included in these tools are networking, project tools, optimized use of corporate and social capital in the organization and continuous improvement for meeting the stated organizational mission of legal services organizations. Introduction This work addresses improving the service delivery process in a non-profit organization that provides legal services to low-income individuals. The problem that is faced by the staff of the legal services organization is one that has arisen due to reductions in funding of the organization. This has resulted in the organization being limited in terms of the caseload that it is capable of taking on effectively. The methodology utilized in this study is qualitative in nature and involves intense examination of the organizations resources both in terms of funding and in terms of social capital of the organization in addition to the need for continuous improvement and optimization of all organizational resources. Networking is examined and technology applications that enable optimization of all organizational time and resources. It isShow MoreRelatedPrject 587 final course project7331 Words   |  30 Pages Project Course Project Final Hewlett Packard Advanced Program Management Program Management Plan April 10, 2013 I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 II. Organizational Strategic Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 a) Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 b) Long term Goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 c) Methods for attaining goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Capital6173 Words   |  25 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility and Emergent Models in Management of Stakeholder Capital in Philippine Conglomerates Serafin D. 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