Tragic Figures in King Lear by William Shakespeare Essay

Tragic Figures - Good/Evil in King Lear King Lear, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic tale of filial conflict, personal transformation, and loss. The story revolves around the King who foolishly alienates his only truly devoted daughter and realizes too late the true nature of his other two daughters. A major subplot involves the illegitimate son of Gloucester, Edmund, who plans to discredit his brother Edgar and betray their father. With these and other major characters in the play, Shakespeare clearly asserts that human nature is either entirely good, or entirely evil. Some characters experience a transformative phase, where, by some trial or ordeal, their nature is profoundly changed. We shall examine Shakespeares†¦show more content†¦An impressive speech similar to her sisters would have prevented much tragedy, but Shakespeare has tailored Cordelias character in such a way that she could never consider such an act. Later in the play, Cordelia, now banished for her honesty, still loves her father and di splays great compassion and grief for him in his suffering: O my dear father, restoration hang Thy medicine on my lips, and let this kiss Repair those violent harms that my two sisters Have in reverence made (IV, vii, 26-29). Cordelia could be expected to display bitterness or even satisfaction at her fathers plight, which was his own doing. However, she still loves him, and does not fault him for the injustice he did her. Clearly, Shakespeare has crafted Cordelia as a character whose nature is entirely good, unblemished by any trace of evil throughout the entire play. As an example of one of the wholly evil characters in the play, we shall turn to the subplot of Edmunds betrayal of his father and brother. Edmund has devised a scheme to discredit his brother, Edgar, in the eyes of their father, Gloucester. Edmund is fully aware of the vileness of his own nature, and revels in it: This is the excellent foppery of the world, that when we are sick in fortune, often the surfeits of our own behaviour, we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and stars; as if we were villains on necessity;Show MoreRelatedKing Lear, By William Shakespeare938 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s tragic play King Lear is a play that occupies a critical place in the great playwright’s cannon. Harold Bloom noted that it, along with Hamlet, can be thought of as a kind of â€Å"secular scripture or mythology†. If we accept Bloom’s reading, then it becomes possible to read the play as a kind of a parable and to read it’s symbolism in terms of the way that those symbols have been teased out in scripture and in mythology. 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Of the three plays, King Lear is the one that examines mental illness the most. King Lear is the story of the titular king, Lear, his decision to exclude his third daughter, Cordelia, from her inheritance, the abuse he suffers at the hands of his other two daughtersRead More A Lesson Learned Too Late in King Lear Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesA Lesson Learned Too Late in King Lear      Ã‚   In the first half of the play, King Lear struggles with the problem of authority and the consequences of giving his own authority away.   Lear’s eventual loss of sanity is a result of his ill judgement and unwillingness to part with his power as king.   Yet, the issue of authority is not the only theme that is being dealt with in the play.   King Lear is also about Lear’s search for identity and wisdom in his old age.   The play explores the concept ofRead More Sight and Blindness in Shakespeares King Lear - Lack of Vision1477 Words   |  6 PagesSight and Blindness in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚   In King Lear, the recurring images of sight and blindness associated with the characters of Lear and Gloucester illustrate the theme of self-knowledge and consciousness that exist in the play.    These classic tropes are inverted in King Lear, producing a situation in which those with healthy eyes are ignorant of what is going on around them, and those without vision appear to see the clearest. While Lears blindness is one which is metaphoricalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet, King Lear, And A Midsummer s Night Dream1037 Words   |  5 Pagesas William Shakespeare is one of the best known playwrights in the (Video). A few of his most famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream (McArthur). Although he was popular during his time, Shakespeare’s influence continued to grow after his death and today he well known around the world. He added 2,000 words to the English dictionary and he is the 2nd most quoted after the Bible (Video). Shakespeare is one of the most influential historic figures theRead MoreKing Lear and the Genre of Tragedy Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesof the hero. Written between 1604 and 1 606, ‘King Lear’ falls into the genre of tragedy, depicting the destruction and downfall of the main character (Abrams). The play centres on Lear, an aging king who, in his retirement, decides to divide his kingdom between his three daughters while retaining the title and privileges of being king. However, King Lear’s actions lead to the destruction of his family, tearing up his kingdom and creating a war. ‘King Lear’ is a tragedy as it follows the codes and conventionsRead MoreKing Lear And Taser : Change Is An Inevitable And Complex Process1489 Words   |  6 PagesChange Essay, Texts used: King Lear and Taser. â€Å"Change is an inevitable and complex process.† In relation to this statement, discuss how your study of the prescribed text and one piece of related material has broadened your understanding of change. Change is inevitable, the most natural process influenced by human nature since the passing of time, each change brings new and different consequences to one’s life, whether they be positive or negative. This is explored in the short film, ‘Taser,’Read More William Shakespeares Othello as a Victim Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Othello as a Victim Not All Works Cited Included In Othello Shakespeare shows that Othello is victimised in many ways, for instance; his race, his culture, his social position and naÃÆ' ¯ve. Othellos victimisation could also show Shakespeares meaning of the term tragedy. In other Shakespearean tragedies the lead character is shown as cunning, ruthless and manipulative, more similar to Iago than Othello. This could represent a change in Shakespeares Read MoreWomen s Tragedy : Hamlet And King Lear1185 Words   |  5 PagesTinsley Anderson Dr. Pitchford ENGL 4037 24 November 2015 Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet and King Lear While William Shakespeare’s Tragedies are well known for their violence, tragic heroes, and fatal flaws, the method in which Shakespeare portrays his female characters in a negative light is seldom expressed. The women of Shakespeare’s Tragedies are represented unfavorably, no matter if they are virtuous or evil. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays are not lacking in women with positive human qualities

The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law Free Essays

Student Handout 3. 1 – The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law When is a legal problem criminal and when is it civil? What difference does it make whether it is criminal or civil? One way of looking at criminal law is that it is dealing with something of public interest. For example, the public has an interest in seeing that people are protected from being robbed or assaulted. We will write a custom essay sample on The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are legal problems that fall into the criminal law. Criminal law involves punishing and rehabilitating offenders, and protecting society. Since the public has an interest in having criminal law, we give the government the power to put it in place and enforce it. The police and Crown Prosecutors are hired by the government to put the criminal law into effect. Public funds are used to pay for these services. If you are the victim of a crime, you report it to the police and they have the responsibility to investigate. They arrest and charge the suspect. In most cases, if a charge has been properly laid and if there is evidence supporting it, the Crown Prosecutor, not the person who complains of the incident, prosecutes it in the courts. This is called a system of public prosecutions. Long ago the person who had been wronged prosecuted the case. The power to prosecute privately remains, but is used rarely now. Even if a person starts a prosecution privately, the Attorney General has the power to take over the prosecution of the case. As a victim, you do not have to be responsible for enforcing the law. The police and Crown Prosecutor do their jobs for the public at large, not for you personally. In a criminal case, the Crown prosecutor must prove the defendant’s guilt â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt. † This means that at the end of a trial the judge or jury can only find the defendant guilty if they are left without a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt. In other words, there is no logical or rational reason to doubt the defendant’s guilt. This is not the case in civil law. Civil law is about private disputes etween individuals or between individuals and organizations. Civil matters include areas such as contract law, family law, tort law, property law and labour law. The person suing for a wrong has the burden of proving their case on a â€Å"balance of probabilities. † This means that a judge or jury must believe their story and evidence more than the defendant’s version. They do not need to be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt . Civil disputes usually involve some harm, loss or injury to one party or their property. Unlike criminal law; however, civil law is primarily involved with compensating victims. If a civil action is successful, the defendant will be responsible for the wrongful action. While a defendant in a criminal case may be found â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"not guilty,† a defendant in a civil case is said to be â€Å"liable† or â€Å"not liable† for damages. If you have a civil law problem, you have to take action yourself if you want to get a legal remedy. You can hire a private lawyer, and you will have to pay the expenses of pursuing the matter. For example, if you hire someone to paint your house and they do a poor job, it is a dispute between you and the painter. The police do not get involved. If you want to sue the painter for breach of contract, it is your responsibility to do so. Sometimes criminal law is referred to as part of our public law because it applies to all Canadians and regulates relationships within our society. Similarly, civil law is sometimes referred to as private law because it regulates private relationships between individuals in our society. How to cite The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law, Essay examples

Kidney in Humans Body

Question: Write an essay on "Kidney in Humans Body". Answer: Introduction: Just below the rib cage are the two bean-shaped organs called kidneys. Kidneys in human body performs one of the most important function- the blood filtration and waste product excretion. Glomerulus synonymous with filtration are tiny clusters of blood vessels present inside the kidney in which blood enters via branching out arteries. One kidney has approximately 1 million glomeruli in it. With Glomerulus (one glomeri) is attached a small fluid collecting tube called tubule. After the blood filtration in glomerulus the extra wastes and fluid passes through tubule and becomes urine. And finally, the kidneys through a large called ureter extreme the urine into the bladder (5). A branch of pathology, Histopathology is a specialized study of the disease of the tissues by definition. Before the microscopic diagnosis of the tissues they must pass through a number of steps like fixation, embedding and staining. In order achieve a more correct diagnosis there is a need of a lot more accurate preparation such as enough fixation time, sufficiently thick or thin section, good quality staining and well embedding (7). Consequently, all the architecture will be well differentiated and clear. Moreover, HE stain, special stain, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry are some of the different kinds of methods in Histopathology for diagnosis. Furthermore, stained tissues investigations through microscope is one of the best methods to get rapid and correct diagnosis. Besides using HE, which is the routine stain, through this report, in the given tissue section we will try to identify and diagnose the abnormalities by using different kind of special stain. The micro scopic examination result will help in finding the exact reason of patient symptoms (1). Methodes and Material: Along with clinical history of the case study, HE section was given. After microscopic examination of HE section some disease has been assumed. Hence to identify the exact type of the disease, five special stains were taken into consideration to be performed on five unstained slides. First of all by using xylene the five slides along with five control slides were de-waxed and then hydrated by descending alcohols and further running tap water. Secondly, using different special stain as labeled each slide was stained. In the third step, by ascending alcohols all the sections were hydrated except that of gram stain slides, which were air-dried, then all the slides including gram stain slides were cleared with xylene. Further mounted by the use of DPX and then labeled. Finally, all the slides were microscopically examined and the results were recorded (6). Discussion: Kidney in humans is one of those organs, which have too many diseases associated to it such as renal cell carcinoma, pyelonephritis and glumurlnephritis. Therefore it requires a lot of experience to diagnose the correct disease. In our case, some of the glomeruli are showing as hypercellular and hyalinized in the HE section, but it can be false appearance also as it is difficult to differentiate between mesangial cells and endothelial. In addition to that, there is presence of inflammatory cells in the HE section. This could point towards inflammation of the kidney (9). Further, the patient is a young woman and looking at other clinical features like hematuria with painand since women is at higher risk of kidney infection because of a shorter urethra compared to men, so in my initial diagnosis I suspect the patient has pyelonephritis. In order to be sure in diagnosing the disease and eliminate some of them it is suggested five special stains to be used. Those special stains are Masso n Trichrome, Periodic acid Schiff, Gram Stain, and Ziehl-Neelsen method for acid fast bacilli and Grocott Methinoamne Silver. First I have chosen Gram Stain as it can distinguish between negative and positive gram bacteria. Some bacteria like E. coli or klebsiella through lower urinary tract system can reach kidney and are most causative bacteria for pyelonephritis, so in order to identify gram stain is needed and distinguish this type of bacteria if present (8). Secondly, in order to eliminate the possibility of renal tuberculosis Z-N stain were suggested to identify the presence of mycobacterium species that can cause the disease. It is possible that bovine tubercle bacillusis responsible for the disease but M. tuberculosis is the most common causative agent (10). Therefore to identify if tuberculosis is present or not Z-N stain is important to be performed. Thirdly, the GMS stain which demonstrates the presence of fungi. Cryptococcus, species candida and aspergillus are the funga l infection which have been reported to cause renal parenchymal, since the use of immunosuppressive therapy with organ transplantation has been increased. Fourthly, in renal biopsy to demonstrate and evaluate the amount of fibrous connective tissue the stain Masson Trichrome were suggested. In addition to that it will help in distinguishing between interstitial fibrosis and interstitial oedema. Furthermore it can easily calculate the lobular accentuation of the glomerular tufts and bowmans capsule (11). Lastly, the stain PAS stain was suggested to evaluate the glomerulus as it is the best to do so and moreover it demonstrates bowmans capsule and glomerulus basement membrane. Furthermore, PAS stain can easily picture the spread GBM thickening that is seen in many glomerulus infections such as diabetic glomerulopathy, hypertension and membrane glomerulonephritis. Moreover, PAS stain positively for sclerosis, hyaline deposits, proximal tubules and mesangial matrix. Therefore it is impo rtant to order PAS stain so as to correctly evaluate and demonstrate the most of kidney architecture. Investigation Diagnosis: Since the Z-N stain, gram stain and GMS are negative it can be concluded that no microorganism infection present in the kidney. Consequently as expected, fungal infection, pyelonephritis and renal tuberculosis are eliminated from the diseases list. But on the other hand fibrosis in the tissue is shown by masson trichrome which demonstrates the fact that infection is present in the kidney. It should be noted that if excessive collagen is present in the tissue, it suggests that the tissue is recovering from the chronic diseases. So clearly in this case, the kidney is regenerating after injury. Additionally the diffuse thickening of the glomeruli capillary wall was shown by the PAS stain (12). Glomeruli showed normal glomeruli, segmental scleroses are present though. Caused by the obstruction of blood flow there is presence of tubules with thick redundant basement membrane (tubular atrophy). Moreover, some of the bowmens capsule and glomeruli are replaced with a pink in color, homogeneo us and amorphous material called hyaline (hyalinosclerosis) that is resulted from combination of increased collagen, plasma protein and mesangial matrix. Therefore depending on the clinical features and the given microscopically diagnosis the patient seems to have focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). In adults, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is one of the most possible causes of primary glomerular diseases. It is not necessarily a distinct disease and represents characteristic pathologic pattern of glomerular injury. The increased degree of scarring of some glomeruli (focal) in kidney biopsy is a sign for (FSGS), also only a portion of glomeruli in involved in the scarring dose (2). However, some normal glomeruli are also present which can be classified to collapsing glomerulopathy like primary (idiopathic) and HIV infection like secondary. In adult this condition is considered to be the predominant cause of idiopathic neghrotic syndrome and within 10 to 20 years, 40% to 6 0% of patients move further to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Recommendation: To confirm the early diagnosis further tests should be done. In order to detect early signs of kidney damage, a urine microalbumin test should be done which will measure the protein amount present in the body (3). Additionally, in order to calculate the removal of creatinine, which is the waste product from the kidney, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is recommended. The above-mentioned two tests are useful in diagnosing the presence of lubus nephritis and diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, it is recommended that some other special stains performed, for instance, to demonstrate amyloidosis, Congo red to be performed. Lastly, AE1/AE3 is an example of antibody and it is important to perform immunohistochemistry to diagnose renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: To discover most of the diseases it is essential to perform microscopically diagnosis. However, quality in tissue processing in needed for correct diagnosis. Therefore it is necessary to have quality control in histopathology section. As there are numerous Kidney diseases, therefore there is a need of several tests in renal biopsy and special stains to get the correct diagnosis (4). Further, In this case, different results shown by special stains aided in eliminating some of the diseases and helped in giving the correct diagnosis. While special stains for microorganism gave the negative result, masson trichrome and PAS gave positive result. Therefore, it can be concluded that the patient suffers from the glomerular disease specifically that of FSGS (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). Finally, other diseases like amyloidosis, diabetic nephropathy and renal cell carcinoma are suspected too, but in order to confirm them they need to be tested further. References [Internet]. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. Chronic glomerulonephritis [Internet]. Pathologyatlas.ro. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. Chronic glomerulonephritis [Internet]. Pathologyatlas.ro. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. Clinical Decisions in Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation [Internet]. Diagnostic Pathology: Kidney Diseases [Internet]. Google Books. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. EASTWOOD J, CORBISHLEY C, GRANGE J. Tuberculosis and the Kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology [Internet]. Glomerular Diseases [Internet]. Niddk.nih.gov. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney [Internet]. Google Books. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. Kidney Infections: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and Tests [Internet]. WebMD. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. MD E. Renal Pathology [Internet]. Library.med.utah.edu. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016]. Pathobiology of Human Disease [Internet]. Google Books. 2016 [cited 23 May 2016].

Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo Essay Example

Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo Essay Mr. Mark Diaz Bravo was on his normal duties as a nurse at the metropolitan State hospital in Los Angeles on 20 February, 1990, when a long time patient in the hospital informed a guard that she had been raped. The lady gave out some names of the people she deemed suspects during an interview with the hospital authorities. She included Bravo’s name as one of the most suspected people behind the attack. The following morning Bravo was arrested and charged with rape. He maintained that he was not involved in the crime since he left the hospital at around 11;00 am that morning and he had returned later in that afternoon after attending several meetings till 3:00 pm. He went ahead to assert that he even went home after that day’s work without knowledge of what had taken place that day. Although the defense attorney had asked for DNA testing to be carried out by the district attorney’s office on the items that were in the scene of the crime before the trial, the prosecution during the trial argued that there was no request for DNA testing before trial and he therefore asked the court to continue without the DNA tests. Eventually, the court convicted Bravo and subsequently sentenced him to eight years in prison. The only evidence brought forward by the prosecution was a blanket that was in the crime scene. It had some traces of male biological deposits with the blood found in only 3% of the people suspected, with Bravo included. False testifies by the analysis indicated that only 1.5 % of the male people possessed that blood type. This resulted to the jurors believing that there was double statistic probability than it was really thought to be initially. This piece of evidence was strengthened by the identification of the victim. The prosecution of the Bravo case based its argument on several issue; Bravo had been named by the victim as her assailant as well as the identification she made in the court during the trial; Mark Diaz bravo had made some misrepresentation of himself in his previous job applications as well as business cards; Bravo’s blood type was consistent to the blood tests that were performed on a blanket near the scene of crime We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conviction of Mark Diaz Bravo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bravo’s efforts to make appeal all the way to the California Supreme Court were disaccorded. Later, the State Supreme Court denied chance of examining new evidence and subsequently upheld Bravo’s conviction. On October 1993, the case was sent back to the Los Angeles Supreme Court.   Post conviction motions were allowed and DNA testing was conducted. The testing was done on a blanket, sheet and a pair of panties which were taken from the scene of crime. On December 24, 1993, the results were released indicating that none of the stains were matching with the DNA profile of Bravo as well as the rape victim. Bravo’s advocate filed a writ of habeas corpus on January 4, 1994.Consequently Bravo’s conviction as the perpetrator was withdrawn followed by an order by the Supreme Court Judge on January 6, 1994 to have bravo released immediately. The judge stated that Mr. Bravo did not get a fair trail, that the victim had recanted her testimony and that the DNA test had proved irrefutable. The charges against Bravo were dropped consequently on January 7, 1994 and Bravo was released from prison after spending three years there of his sentence (James, 1996, p.564). This case of rape was certainly horrible for the victim and her family, but arresting and convicting the wrong person for the crime he did not commit makes him a victim too while the actual perpetuator is still walking free in the streets and perhaps continuing to terrorize other people with the same acts or more violent and serious crimes. The law enforcement   Ã‚  officers ought to have considered what the victim of the crime has to say, the events that happened to her, the approach made to the victim, what the perpetrator said, what weapons he had if any as well as the demeanor of the victim as she was talking about the crime; she was in shock state, or if she was cooking up the evidence. They ought to consider that the said perpetrator would spend his time in prison by their words. The law enforcement officers together with the prosecutors also have to understand that there are challenges as well as problems that usually prevail in the criminal justice system prior to fixing an ything (Cassell, 2004, p. 657). There are more than hundreds innocent defendants already serving their jail terms. Some reports have indicated that about 25 per cent of the innocent defendants in jail were convicted wrongly even prior to availability of forensic DNA typing. It is the obligation of the court and the entire criminal justice system to decide whether these people should continue being incarcerated or order the testing of DNA. If they are found innocent, then they should be set free and the actual perpetrators traced, prosecuted and hanged! To accomplish this law, there is the needs to cater for the law suits that are filed upon the criminal justice system for wrongful imprisonment and the establishment of law to cater for millions of dollars that are needed for DNA testing. This DNA technology can be utilized within the current legal framework in undoing previous injustices. This can be worked together to avoid wrongful conviction of the past as well as creating a new possible better system of convicti ng the current and future perpetrators of the crimes. Through out the Criminal justice system there are several cases of wrongful conviction just like Bravo’s with some convicts being exonerated from death row. Some jurors feel quite sure of guilt of they have declared the convict should be in prison. The lack of sufficient evidence, the misconduct as well as the illogical theory brought by the prosecution are suspicious of wrongful conviction and needs appellate intervention to throw out such kind of flawed conviction. The Criminal justice system is best perceived as an approach to search for fair justice. Its ruling posses direct impacts to the concerned as well as the trust of the public to the system. To make improvement on the efficiency of the system; the forensic utilization of DNA would become crucial in the search for such justice. DNA technology development assists prosecutors as well as the police in the war against crime. It helps prosecutors to conclusively find the defendant’s guilt. Just like figure prints, DNA evidence provides the prosecutors with crucial tools in identifying and apprehending some violent crime perpetrators especially in sexual assault cases. DNA assists in searching for facts by exonerating the innocent suspect. Some times the criminal justice system happens to be less infallible, with some cases in search for the truth taking a tortuous way. Some people who don’t plead guilty are convicted and subsequently sentenced to long term prison terms. The same people later on challenges their convictions by use of DNA tests on the prevailing evidence and end up gaining their freedom after serving some years in prison (Choo, 1993, p. 75). DNA profiling introduction has made some significant revolution in the criminal justice system. It has granted the police and courts a way of finding crime perpetrators with degree of confidence. Initially the only methods utilized analyzing genetic marker of the blood and other body fluids included the absorption-elution test, the lattes test and the absorption-inhibition test. ABO blood group substances and ABO iosantibidies were the only ones that could be detected in biological stain evidence. With time the system adopted the electrophoretic approach for typing polymorphic proteins that included esterase D, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase and hemoglobin. Although these methods had the capability of narrowing down the possible source of biological stain evidence, they usually did not give the result due to deterioration of the genetic marker and ended producing erroneous results. DNA have been used significantly to advance the biological stain evidence analysis including for some reasons such as; its molecule has more stability than polymorphic   proteins, it has more chances of exonerating wrongly accused suspects and that microbial degradation never results to wrong results. DNA profiling has even led to reopening and examining the old cases. Using this new technology, people convicted of murder as well as rape have had the chance to have their cases reopened and reexamined. A research study carried out by the institute of Law and Justice identified 28 cases where DNA testing resulted to exoneration of individuals initially convicted of rape as well as murder. DNA profiling has also been crucial in correcting injustice where the information initially was anecdotal. The DNA profiling research results ought to give strong arguments in assisting law enforcement agencies in creating DNA laboratories for testing. DNA profiling advent would go a long way in cubing miscarriages of justice. Mary suspects who are wrongly accused would be exonerated in the first stages of testing of physical evidence even before considering prosecution. In addition to all of these, DNA would require adequate legal counsel to make consultations with competent scientific experts. The DNA profiling should not be used selectively. There should be sufficient time to carry out the testing as well as dealing with the challenge of the cost of carrying out the test. It is important for the law enforcement agencies to see to it that all possibilities have the support of DNA testimony and jurors need being conscious of the information before making crucial decisions like guilty verdict (Pattenden, 1996, p. 98). There is also the need to allow relevant, reliable and qualitative expert opinion. The random match probability in DNA testing is quit remote if a reliable mutinous match is provided. The experts need to testify from their pervious experience if they have awareness of the random matches and if the if a certain sample of evidence matches another to a certain logical degree of scientific certainty. Since the DNA have more degree of certainty, it should be treated differently fro other modes such as fingerprints, hair and fiber samples, ballistics and shoe prints.

Why Renting a Flat in Germany Is Totally Common

Why Renting a Flat in Germany Is Totally Common Although Germany has got the most successful economy in Europe and is basically a wealthy country, it has also got one of the lowest homeownership rates on the continent and is also way behind the US. But why do Germans rent flats instead of buying them or even build or buy a house? Buying their own accommodation is the goal of many people and especially families all around the world. For Germans, it might seem that there are things way more important than being a homeowner. Not even 50 percent of the Germans are homeowners, whereas over 80 percent of the Spanish are, only the Swiss are even renting more than their northern neighbors. Lets try to track the reasons for this German attitude. Influence of World War II Like many things in Germany, the tracking of the attitude to rent reaches back to the Second World War. As the war ended and Germany signed the unconditional surrender, the whole country was rubble. Almost every bigger city was destroyed by the British and American Air Raids and even the smaller village had suffered from the war. Cities like Hamburg, Berlin or Cologne where nothing but a big pile of ashes. Many civilians became homeless because their houses were bombed or collapsed after the fights in their cities, over 20 percent of all housing in Germany was destroyed. That was why it was one of the first priorities of the new built West-German government in 1949 to prove every German a safe place to stay and live. Therefore, big housing programs were started to rebuild the country. Because the economy was also laying on the ground, there was no other opportunity than having the government put in charge of new housings. For the newborn Bundesrepublik, it was also very important to give the people a new home to face the opportunities communism promised just on the other side of the country in the Soviet zone. But there was, of course, another opportunity coming with a public housing program: Those Germans who hadnt been killed or captured during the war were mostly unemployed. Building new flats for over two million families could create jobs that were urgently needed. All this lead to success, the lack of housings could be reduced during the first years of new Germany. Renting Can Just Be a Good Deal in Germany This leads to the fact that Germans today just as their parents and grandparents have reasonable experiences with renting a flat, not only from a public housing company. In the major cities of Germany like Berlin or Hamburg, most of the flats available are in public hand or at least managed by a public housing company. But besides the big cities, Germany has also given the private investors the opportunity to own properties and rent them out. There are many restrictions and laws for the landlords and tenants they have to follow which proves that their flats are in a good condition. In other countries, rental flats have the stigma of being run down and mainly for poor people who cant afford to own an accommodation. In Germany, there are none of those stigmas. Renting seems just as good as buying - both with advantages and disadvantages. The Laws and Regulations Made for Renters Talking about the laws and regulations, Germany has got some specials that make a difference. For instance, there is the so-called Mietpreisbremse, which passed the Parliament. In areas with a strained housing market the landlord is only permitted to increase the rent up to ten percent above the local average. There are a lot of other laws and regulations which lead to the fact that the rents in Germany - compared to those of other developed countries - are affordable. On the other side, German banks have high preconditions for getting a mortgage or a loan to buy or build a house. You just wont get one if you dont have the right sureties. For long term, renting a flat in a city can therefore be a better opportunity. But there are of course some negative sides of this development. Like in most other western countries, the so called gentrification can also be found in Germanys major cities. The good balance of public housing and private investment seemed to tip over more and more. Private investors buy old houses in the cities, renovate them and sell or rent them out for high prices only wealthy persons can afford. This leads to the fact that normal people can no longer afford living inside the big cities and especially young people and students are stressed to find a proper and affordable housing. But thats another story because they couldnt afford buying a house either.

How to Improve Your Vocabulary Steadily

How to Improve Your Vocabulary Steadily How to Improve Your Vocabulary Steadily How to Improve Your Vocabulary Steadily By Michael Sylvia Grappone says, An article on how to improve vocabulary would be helpful. Im in my late 30s and noticed that I can no longer remember things as easily as I did when I was a teen, and with a hubby and kids have no time to really focus on studying. I do read in my leisure time but at the moment only technical books. Would reading novels help my vocabulary? Any shortcuts or techniques? Sylvia, the more you read, the more words youll see, and the more youll understand. Even in the Oxford English Dictionary, the final authority for the meaning of a word is how the word has actually been used in print. But since your family limits your time, let me suggest some ways to improve your vocabulary that are more efficient than reading every book in the library. Make it a priority to learn new words. If you want to improve your vocabulary more quickly, you have to make at least a small commitment. Decide to learn one new word every day or two. Visit Daily Writing Tips for our Word of the Day. Or subscribe to a Word of the Day email list, install a Word of the Day tool on your computer desktop, or buy a Word of the Day calendar. Make your vocabulary practical. Start by learning the words that can express whats most important to you. For example, learn more of your trade language the words that are commonly used in your business or hobby or vocation. Go beyond the jargon and cliches. Find better, fresher, clearer words to express what your peers are talking about. Find the right word for you and use it. When youre writing something, use a thesaurus frequently. That will help you express yourself better. And every time you do that, youll learn a new word and youll use that new word. Start learning where you are. As you read, if you come across an interesting word that you dont understand, dont just bleep over it. See item number 1. Take the time to look it up in a dictionary. Write it down and use it later. Learn roots. Most English words are built from common roots, prefixes and suffixes, often with Greek or Latin origins. Theyre highly reusable. When you learn one root, youll start to understand the many other words that use that root. When you learn a word, use it immediately and frequently. Make it a game. Slip your new word into conversation with as many different people as you can. Repeat it to yourself. Use it in sentences. Write it on a flashcard and practice it while waiting for red lights. The key to a better vocabulary is regular practice and progress. Maybe you cant learn a hundred new words a day, but you can learn one or two a day, totaling thousands of new words over the years. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 101What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Financial measures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial measures - Essay Example Financial measures are the traditional ones for evaluating operating performance, benchmarking competitors, and comparing industry results. To determine whether a company is profitable, profitability ratios like return on equity, return on assets and net profit margin may be used. Other companies or competitors normally use the same ratios also so that comparison and benchmarking are possible among companies (Meigs, Meigs & Meigs, 1995). However, it does not mean that non-financial measures are not useful since normally they are the underlying explanations of the difference in performance measures. To illustrate in the case of two similar companies in the industry, it is possible that one has more revenues or higher profitability than the other does. What could explain the difference between the two companies may be in the more loyal and active sales force of one company over the other. Upon investigation, it can be found that personal objectives of the workforce or people of the mor e profitable company are tied with the corporate financial objectives. The human resource contribution, which is basically non-financial, is normally not emphasized in the financial statements but they could constitute the competitive advantage on one company over the other company. After knowing that a company has more loyal and hard working sales force, the same company could sustain profitability or further the advantage and that makes the non-financial measure very useful. Of course they are other non-financial measures such as better customer service, better attendance of employees in meeting, zero absences in important activities, timely submissions of reports by concerned employees or departments (Streetdirectory, 2010). The advantage and disadvantage of each measure can be drawn from the example given. Financial measures are readily measurable and are closer to measuring attainment of measurable financial objectives. It is easier to

Egoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Egoism - Essay Example It sometimes refers to psychological egoism. It provides a description of the human nature as self-motived and self-centered (Welsh 62). Psychological egoism points that individuals usually act in their interests; however, they may conceal their motivation regarding their duty or help for others. Diverse individuals portray this kind of egoism differently. Opponents argue that it renders useless ethics. However, proponents refute this claim and assert that the opponents need to exploit counterfactual evidence while criticizing psychological egoism. It is the second variant of egoism, and it specifies the agent, which ought to promote the self above other values. The theory of normative egoism does not provide the description of human nature in a direct way. However, it points out how individuals ought to behave. Two forms of normative egoism exist, which include ethical and rational. Rational egoism argues that the promotion of one’s interest is usually in accordance with reason. Proponents argue that selfishness is a virtue that human beings need to pursue (Welsh 81). Therefore, ethical selfishness encompasses a commitment to reason rather than emotions. On the contrary, opponents posit that the reason dictates an individual’s interest and does not govern one’s actions. Ethical egoism argues that the promotion of an individual’s good is in accordance with morality. Ethical egoism, thus, highlights that it is usually moral to promote an individual’s good and it is immoral not to promote it. An example of psychological egoism is when a person gives something, which he or she owns to another individual. Here, the intention of giving is good to himself or herself. A free-rider scenario provides an example of rational egoism, which is a form normative egoism. A teacher may argue, while marking students’ papers that her life can be easier is she offers inflated grades, hence, it is in her self-interest. Marking otherwise may attract

Hazardous Waste and Clean-up Costs Essay Example for Free

Hazardous Waste and Clean-up Costs Essay CERCLA was enacted, along with its sister law RCRA which came before it, to deal with the environmental damage that was being caused by improper waste disposal. CERCLA’s goals are to clean up old dump sites and discourage future illegal dumping. CERCLA imposes few direct regulatory obligations and is designed to force cleanups and allocate the cost of cleaning up via its liability and cleanup provisions. The basic principle is that the potentially responsible parties such as waste generators, transporters, and/or owners operators of facilities that are responsible for hazardous waste pollution should pay for its cleanup. Through CERCLA’s strict liability scheme any company that illegally spills or dumps hazardous substances is liable for the clean-up whether or not the action was negligent. Also, through joint and several liability, each party that contributed waste to a site is responsible for its cleanup. So if Joe Blow is found liable for the clean-up of a site and happens to find any evidence that another company may have contributed as well, Joe Blow can legally pursue them to pay their â€Å"fair share† of the clean-up costs. A perfect example of this was the Girl Scout story told in our environmental law class where a Girl Scout cookie box was found in a site by a company that was fingered for clean-up. The company then tried to accuse the Girl Scouts organization of having to pay the cost of clean-up as well. Furthermore, through retroactive liability, all responsible parties have to clean-up the site even if the damage was done before the law was enacted. CERCLA has criteria for its two types of clean-up procedures which are removal and remedial. Removal actions are generally short term actions such as fencing off an area, studying the soil and removing the hazardous substances to remove the immediate threat from the site. Remedial actions are generally long term actions necessary to clean-up sites to meet final clean-up standards which may include removal or incineration of the contaminated soil to reduce the threat from the site. Through these liability clean-up provisions CERCLA strives to achieve its purpose. CERCLA was later amended in 1980 by SARA (Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act), enacted to strengthen CERCLA by requiring that site cleanups be permanent and that they use treatments that significantly reduce the volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous pollutants. SARA not only increased the size of the Superfund but imposed more stringent requirements when it established more detailed clean-up standards, added new settlement procedures, established mandatory schedules for federal facility compliance, and added provisions to expand the involvement of states and citizen groups in the decision making process. Some major criticisms of CERCLA are that it has been ineffective in cleaning up the nation’s hazardous waste sites, that it has wasted more money on transaction and litigation costs than on clean-up, and that it is unfair to parties that contribute minimally but are liable for the total cost of the clean-up of a site. As for it being ineffective, my opinion is that it is effective because it could be much worse. Craig Collins, a professor of environmental law and the author of â€Å"Toxic Loopholes: Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law† points out that â€Å"the dramatic decline in ‘midnight dumping’ since CERCLA became law reveals how effective this liability threat can be† (p. 88). He also has shared within his classroom that mismanaged hazardous waste spills and dumps which used to be commonplace before CERCLA are rare these days. Has the Superfund been wasteful? Clearly you would think this if you’re looking at the percentage of money that has gone into legal fees and litigation costs alone but according to Collins, Superfund has also funded aid for â€Å"toxic terrorism and natural disasters such as the World Trade Center collapse and the devastating Midwest floods of 1993† (p. 99). When looking at it from that lens I can see that it has been just as helpful in many areas as it may have been considered wasteful in others. Regarding unfairness to those who minimally contribute but face the total cost of clean-up, a provision of CERCLA, as addressed by SARA, swiftly settles the liability of those parties through de minimis settlements. Don’t think I don’t understand that just as CERCLA could be worse it could also be better. First of all, it could work a lot better if the people creating laws, such as CERCLA, were actually more concerned about the environment than their powerful colleagues and certain incentives. More specifically, if we continued to allow corporate taxes which supplied money for Superfund clean-ups (which Bush allowed to expire in 1995) we would have money to clean-up many of the orphaned sites that now go uncleaned. Furthermore, if CERCLA forced all companies to use and help promote the â€Å"zero waste† approach, we could then prove that experiences such as the Love Canals, Times Beach Missouri, and Grand Bois actually did mean enough to all of us to do something more unified and serious about it.

Driving A Cab :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

Driving A Cab The effects of driving a cab can vary greatly. Meeting different kinds of people is a major factor when driving a cab. Being confined as a driver of a can effect health conditions. Car trouble can be a problem if the car is not taken care of properly. Violence can be the consequence of picking up the wrong kind of person. Lucky Miller is a 24 years old, part-time cab driver who explains how driving a cab has many different effects his life and health. "Interesting, live and colorful people," as Lucky would say, ride in his cab; as a result Lucky meets many of them. One woman he picked up claimed her countrymen were being held captive on the O'Hare landing strip, and she would like to go there. He thought she was sort of wacky and knew she wouldn't stay in the cab. He told her he could only take her as far as the terminal gate. "That's not good enough," she told Lucky as she hoped out. Lucky often drives businessman to work, he discovered that they do not like to talk that much, it disturbs them. They are usually involved with their policies or whatever they are trying to work on or sell. Younger females do not like to engage in talk either. Lucky thinks they have a fear, which is not talking to strange men. As a result of this, Lucky does not start conversations very often, he waits for his passengers to initiate anything. Violence is a problem that always lurks in the back of a cab driver's mind. Since a driver can not fully tell if a person is good or bad, they are never quite sure whom to pick up. One time Lucky picked up a man, who was wearing a nice shirt and slacks, who did not look like a threat at all. They had an amiable conversation the whole trip. The man started talking to Lucky, therefore he did not think anything of the conversation. When they reached their destination, the man pulled a gun on Lucky, and said "give me your money or I'll kill you." This was an eye opener for Lucky, which changed his attitude about whom he would or would not pick up.

Cisneros’ House on the Mango Street: Beauty Comes from Within

Sometimes it is difficult to live through the travails of what life has to offer for all of us. For some who are unlucky, they have to go through numerous trials and tribulations in order to survive the rigors of poverty, dysfunctional families and societal problems. However, when we learn to see the bright side of everything, we will realize that all these bitter and difficult experiences in life can be beautiful and meaningful for us. Without these, we would not attain success or learn about our mistakes that make all of us better and stronger people. As a quote from Sandra Cisneros’ The House on the Mango Street (1989) goes — â€Å"Butterflies too are few and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful. Still, we take what we can get and make the best of it†, this means that we can all live through seeing things as beautiful and essential. What is important is that we value the things that we have and it is up to us to make our lives better than what we deserve. Sandra Cisneros’ The House on the Mango Street weaves a thought-provoking, coming-of-age tale of a young girl. She is not only struggling to grow up to become a fine lady like usual American girls, but she is faced with shame, guilt and disappointment as her family is embarking on to acquire a new home in America. As the story comes to a full circle, the readers would inevitably commiserate with how the girl dealt with the scenarios she had faced. She did not only have to go through the complicated journey with her family to their new home, but she has to deal with the big disappointment that their new house is not what she hoped for. These difficulties definitely fanned some fire inside her – to become more determined and strive harder in the future. In the end, readers could predict her utter frustration why things are always tough for immigrant people like them in America. In the story, Esperanza’s family has to undergo an awkward transition of looking for a permanent place to live. Readers will immediately infer that the young girl’s family has Chicano roots because the girl enumerated the members of the family in beginning her story — Papa, Mama, Carlos, Kiki and Nenny. What’s admirable about Cisnero’s conversational style of story-writing is that everyone can relate to their experiences. At one point in anyone’s life, we all can identify with the travails of going through a house transfer. Anyone’s initial reaction will be to feel excited of how our new house will look like or who our new neighbors will be. Unfortunately, for the young girl, she is bound to be betrayed by her own expectations. When Esperanza’s father announced that they are getting a new house in Mango Street, she expected that it will be in the usual American neighborhood with homes that have freshly-mown lawns and white picket fences. For the Esperanza, Mango Street is more than street sign — it is her marker that circumscribes the dream that she and her family had brought with them. This new house will simply be one aspect of attaining their dream — to have a more comfortable life in this new place, in this new country. However, when she saw the house in Mango Street, she was disappointed. She becomes aware of her own subjective perceptions as she begins to differentiate her family’s wonderful dreams and society’s ugly realities. Thus, she becomes conscious of her parents’ inability to fulfill their promises of the perfect house. She thought that â€Å"They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house† (p. 223). However, the â€Å"real house† the narrator expected would be â€Å"like the houses on TV† Apparently, when the narrator saw the house on Mango Street, it transformed from being a symbol of hope to become a symbol of poverty. The narrator associates this realization with the humiliation she has felt in the past, when her family lived in similar places. However, Esperanza realized that she can go beyond her expectations and she could make herself a better person, despite her roots and the community she’s living in. Esperanza began seeing all the positive things around her to make her a stronger person. You can be poor but you still can do good in your studies and excel to become a successful lawyer. You can be a Latina and not get pregnant to become a young mother, but you can strive to achieve your dreams of becoming a great artist someday. Thus, in the story, we can learn that there is beauty in everything that we have. It is just up to us to use these things wisely to make the best out of it. Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Books, Inc. 1989.

Utilization of Wind Energy

Energy is essential in all aspects of human life, this is the main reason why scientific inventions on energy are more recognized that inventions in other spheres. Upon discovery, there must be regular innovations to spice up the invention so that it does not run out market or become inefficient. This is what has led to major improvements on development of wind energy all over the world. This has been catalyzed by global efforts to reduce emission of green house gases; a vision 2030 project that is to be implemented throughout the world. Wind energy has come in the limelight after researches noted that it is most underutilized type of energy (Henderson-2003). This is because the developers have been focusing on the wrong directives; their focus was mainly on the demand and not the supply side. Even with innovations, investors have been reluctant to in funding of wind energy researches as there are many laws and policies around this sphere that can turn the venture unproductive economically. Wind energy is one of the renewable sources of energy that is currently in practical use in the developed countries; developing countries are also picking up the momentum. Just like the hydroelectric generation of power, where enormous water currents are used to rotate the large turbines that convert potential energy to kinetic energy, strong wind currents mostly found in the deserts, along coastlines and open plain areas are used to rotate the turbines suspended in open areas. This generates electricity by converting potential energy into kinetic energy. I decided to carry out a research on wind type of energy; this was in a bid to learn the steps that have been made so far, the loopholes in the steps and factors that are impeding the implementation of the wind energy across the world. The resources I used were mainly academic journals that talk about the whole process of setting up wind energy plants, the policies around the activity and also the steps most of the developing counties are taking towards achievement of their wind energy plans. The journals and articles I used were ones written from 1988 during a United Nations Environmental meeting; Paris COP21 to the ones written in 2018 when President Donald Trump reduced the chains on Environmental Policy Act in 2017. By learning these policies and logistics around them I was able to draw my own map to the road of reliance on wind energy to help ease the stress on the hydro-electric grids we have in the country. The policies that will help in implementation of my plans were also found in the journals, the appropriate modes of transmission and the stakeholders that play a critical role in the sector. The problems I faced when finding inference to the research is that most of them either lacked proper guidelines or lacked good recommendations hence could not be so useful. The reasons behind the researches and geographical areas they were taken in rendered some of the researches impractical. The questions that guided me through that whole process are; who are the stakeholders to team up? What are the policies for the transmission? When will the implementation begin? What is the timeline for setting up and maintaining of the whole transmission process?Goals and objectivesGoalsReduce green house emission from manufacturing companies by 16%Lower the cost of power supply Make wind energy a common preferenceRemedy power interruptions in manufacturing industries. The vision 2030 states that all countries should cut their carbon emissions by 30%. In my research I realized that it's the manufacturing companies that produce a large amount of this gas. Most of these companies are directed by the federal environmental protection agency to fit sieves that will filter carbon from their chimneys; lack of proper follow up by the agency has made them relax and I discovered that most of them have diesel powered generators to supplement the power interruptions they face. My wind energy is mainly customized to target manufacturing companies as primary consumers thus hasten the achievement of vision 2030.There has overreliance on the hydroelectric plants because there is a high demand of the end product in homes. This has led to public outcry due to regular interruptions and inconsistent supply. This projects aims to fit customized turbines for specific regions and hence give them a reliable option.ObjectivesImprove the current design of wind turbinesCarry out campaigns to sensitize the public on the use of wind energyDevelop an overlapping cycle of turbines that will maximize wind farms across the countryInduce the federal government to reduce the laws on implementation of wind projectsThe major improvement I want to put on the current turbines is to reduce their mass and size but affect their performance. The reason behind this is so that they can be able to fit on rooftops or even suspended at different heights on skyscrapers. The campaigns are aimed at sensitizing the masses about the projects benefits and educating them on the importance of it. Through that we will be lowering risks that come about when the turbines fall or even vandalism. The current turbine sizes are large hence occupy lot space during installation. I have developed turbine stand that can 3 turbines of different sizes to be fitted at different heights of the towers. This state of art of art innovation will help reduce overlapping that leads underperformance and underutilization of wind farms. There so many regulations and policies for stakeholders to pass through before initiating wind projects. The many agencies that overlook all the regulations require fees; this is one issue that has scared investors away. We plan to involve the government and make it reduce the regulations, the bodies that oversee it or the fees charged for turbine set up and maintenance. Policies and Problems in the wind energy sectorMotor noise; there has been an environmental concern that the turbines produce a lot of noise thus leading to severe headaches and sometimes depression in the residents around the farm. We plan to curb this by using the latest turbine models that are noise free.Destruction of the ecology system; this is attributed to the number of birds that are chopped by the blades. Most affected birds are bats, owls and eagles. This will be combated by making the edges of the blades blunt.Congestion on wind line; this is a problem I had touched on earlier and stated that our state of equipment will be used to counter it.Policies around this project are; state permitting, this is the first step that has to be met before setting of the off shore and in land turbines. This is one of the policies we plan to counter after starting as the permitting discrepancies between organizations leads to delay of the projects. Federal permitting; this will oversee the setting up and maintenance of inland turbines to make sure they are in line with the environmental laws.We see a positive impact in the society despite the inevitable changes. There will be satisfaction as the customers will be able to get electricity when they need it most. If the implementation takes place as planned then there will be lesser electricity interruptions as time goes by. There will be lesser diseases in the community; water borne and air borne diseases caused by harmful industry emissions and disposal.Strategies and resourcesAnalytical researches have claimed that installation and maintenance of wind energy power plants is expensive than all other types of energy. This claim forgot to mention that the benefits are perpetual as wind never expires. The high cost is not only attributed to set up capital but also the high fees charged by federal agencies if the turbines underperform. The design of our turbines is expected to be so efficient that our transmission company won't have to be subjected to the underperformance fees. Only the human and financial resources are fundamental in the set up stage of the project. Due to its huge implementation budget; I plan to call on board different stakeholders after proposing a comprehensive compensation plan for the funds they are going to pour on the project. Manufacturing companies are my main investor target as the plan will mainly benefit them, reaching out will be an easy task as I will use emails as my main communication mode. Having different stakeholders with different set of contacts will help us get federal environmental permits faster than if we were to do it alone. Collective bargaining of our force will make the state see the urgency and importance of the project. This whole project will be initiated by getting the state permits and environmental agency permits before reaching out to the investors. This is a plan to keep everything in check and reduce delay once the permitting process is done. We plan to carry out a site study to know the precise location of our times and the accurate number of turbines needed per site; this will reduce excess set up costs. Off shore and on shore sites will be studied concurrently. The original plan is that we set up a collection plant for our electricity before adding it to the national grid. This will help us in the maintenance and billing process, we hope to achieve more profits from this. Buying of all the essential equipments will follow the turbines, electricity transmission cables and storage devices. My team plans to use two manufacturers for the whole process, they will partly invest in us using seed money (manwell-2010). This is a good investment plan as it has reliable end users; we hope to bring the desired people on board. Benefits of this step are stretched towards fostering partnerships towards the attainment of sustainable development goals that are envisioned in the vision 2030 blueprint.Every business has a number of risks attached to it; the risks on our court are, theft of equipment at the installation site, pulling out of partners due to uncertainty and getting under qualified stuff to install the equipments. The plans we have to counter these are; hiring of professional security services to safeguard our equipment until the installation process is done. We plan to acquire a loan to supplement the money lost if an investor pulls out in the initial stages, this plan will help motivate the remaining members and thus reduce the risk of more pulling out after the project stalls abruptly. We will be deploying the services of a hiring farm to help us get professionals that will act as the human resource. We will be sure to seal and counter all seen and unseen risks to avoid disappointments and loses.Decision making process of this whole plan factored in the time, scope and cost. I knew that by bringing in different stakeholders to partner on it will reduce the implementation timeline and the cost that will arise from it. It would be easier convincing different stakeholders to channel in small amounts than getting to convince one investor to fund the whole project. The few limitations and lack of innovation also led me to choose now as the specific time to start. There are less wind energy transmission companies than there are hydroelectric transmission plants. I will stress on the societal management level as it is through it that we can bring on board more investors, shareholders and donors. I decided on this because our expansion plan will touch on civilian lives; we plan to convince farmers with large tracts of land to allow us install the turbine towers on their properties at a fee. Incentives we plan to use to effect this are providing electricity for them at lower rates and equipping if not build social libraries as our cooperate social responsibility.Environmental protection agency will oversee all our stages of the project to make sure we comply with all the regulations. We hope to not get interferences as wind energy posses' minor and controllable risks to the environment unlike other types of energy production. Our future goal will be increasing the number of turbines across all geographical areas so as to meet the ever rising demand of electricity. I will motivate my team to come up with other innovations to boost performance and not stick our turbines along congested coastal lines and rural areas alone. This will be in a bid to lower the greenhouse emissions from companies and later reduce the electricity cost.ReferencesAR Henderson 2003Offshore wind energy in Europe; a review of the state of artJF Manwell 2010Wind energy explained; theory, design and application

Free Essays on Psychological Criticism Of The Misfit In Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard To Find

Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find is about a family that gets lost while driving through Georgia and runs across a man known as The Misfit. The Misfit is widely known as a dangerous man and a serial killer to say the least. The Misfit proves to be a true psychological case, and with the help of some Freudian concepts, The Misfit can be deconstructed. The ultimate question when looking at The Misfit is of course, why is The Misfit a killer? In this paper I intend to use Freudian ideas to discover why The Misfit poses to be such a dangerous person. When trying to discover why The Misfit has become the murderer that we find in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, we can first look at some Freudian theories. The Misfit was dealing with some sort of anxiety, and we know this because of his use of several ego defense mechanisms. Ego defense mechanisms, according to Sigmund Freud, are certain techniques that the mind uses when overwhelmed with anxiety, which unconsciously blocks impulses, or distorts them into a more acceptable, less threatening form (Boeree). The first, and possibly the most apparent defense mechanism that The Misfit uses is denial. The Misfit has quite possibly had a rough childhood, and thus, we can assume that his parents weren’t the â€Å"finest people in the world (354).† In letting himself believe that his parents are such good people, he has been denying the opposite, in that he was not treated fairly as a child. Another mechanism that is closely related to denial is repression. Repression has been defined as motivated forgetting, and happens when someone is not able to recall a threatening situation, person, or event (Boeree). There is some event that The Misfit happens to be forgetting. The Misfit had done something earlier in his life that landed him in the penitentiary. At the penitentiary, a psychiatrist told him that he had killed his father and that is why he was being locked up, but, a... Free Essays on Psychological Criticism Of The Misfit In Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard To Find Free Essays on Psychological Criticism Of The Misfit In Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard To Find Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find is about a family that gets lost while driving through Georgia and runs across a man known as The Misfit. The Misfit is widely known as a dangerous man and a serial killer to say the least. The Misfit proves to be a true psychological case, and with the help of some Freudian concepts, The Misfit can be deconstructed. The ultimate question when looking at The Misfit is of course, why is The Misfit a killer? In this paper I intend to use Freudian ideas to discover why The Misfit poses to be such a dangerous person. When trying to discover why The Misfit has become the murderer that we find in A Good Man Is Hard to Find, we can first look at some Freudian theories. The Misfit was dealing with some sort of anxiety, and we know this because of his use of several ego defense mechanisms. Ego defense mechanisms, according to Sigmund Freud, are certain techniques that the mind uses when overwhelmed with anxiety, which unconsciously blocks impulses, or distorts them into a more acceptable, less threatening form (Boeree). The first, and possibly the most apparent defense mechanism that The Misfit uses is denial. The Misfit has quite possibly had a rough childhood, and thus, we can assume that his parents weren’t the â€Å"finest people in the world (354).† In letting himself believe that his parents are such good people, he has been denying the opposite, in that he was not treated fairly as a child. Another mechanism that is closely related to denial is repression. Repression has been defined as motivated forgetting, and happens when someone is not able to recall a threatening situation, person, or event (Boeree). There is some event that The Misfit happens to be forgetting. The Misfit had done something earlier in his life that landed him in the penitentiary. At the penitentiary, a psychiatrist told him that he had killed his father and that is why he was being locked up, but, a...

A Nation of Idiots Analysis

What evidence does Moore offer to support his contention that America is a nation of idiots? Is calling us all a nation of idiots an effective way to get our attention and sympathies? Moore shares a number of personal experiences in this selection to dramatize his disgust with formal education. Overall, how would you characterize his attitude toward school and schooling? What textual evidence leads you to make those conclusions?What are the potential problems with using this kind of rhetorical or argumentative strategy in his writing? Moore offers evidence of public ignorance to support that America is a nation of idiots. He does this by stating, â€Å"Only 11 percent of the American public bothers to read a daily newspaper, beyond the funny pages or the used car ads† (Idiot Nation excerpt, Colombo, Cullen, Lisle, 129).This example is a good reflection of Moore’s attitude and style of grabbing the reader’s attention. He relates to the readers in simple terms, but always with a hint of sarcasm. I believe that calling America a â€Å"nation of idiots† is an effective way of getting us to listen. The way Moore sees it, schools have used various tactics to educate its students and politicians have used different forms of engaging the public, but the public is not interested.Moore states, â€Å"A nation that not only churns out illiterate students but goes out of its way to remain ignorant and stupid is a nation that should not be running this world – at least not until a majority of its citizens can locate Kosovo (or any other country it has bombed) on the map† (Idiot Nation excerpt, Colombo, Cullen, Lisle, 129). The potential problem with using this kind of rhetorical strategy in his writing is that the readers probably do not think of themselves as â€Å"idiots† and therefore will assume that Moore’s words do not apply to them and readers will tune out.Another problem is Moore will offend some of his audience and naturally these audience members will become defensive and disregard Moore’s current and future work. Moore does not see schooling in America as an effective way of educating the nation. He also views it as a very harmful environment that teaches children not to question authority and not to think, but rather do as they are told. â€Å"They learn that to rock the boat could get them rocked right out of school† (Idiot Nation excerpt, Colombo, Cullen, Lisle, 143).

Master dissertation proposal (outline)of about 600 words Essay

Master dissertation proposal (outline)of about 600 words - Essay Example The purpose of introducing ICT in education is to enhance the language learning and educational activities of students and support the teaching process by means of computers, internet and the latest technologies. ICT has already become a part and parcel of young kids’ lives. The research will focus on questions like: has introducing ICT concepts at so young an age helped children discover, examine, explain and solve problems, foresee, argue and judge? For primary school children, that is, key stage 1 and 2, do teachers feel their responsibility where to make use of ICT tools to support language learning of the students? Is ICT also helping children with special needs or not? There are a lot of ICT tools available that help children with special needs adapt to their new learning environment which is more efficient and more helpful to them. Do these tools help children who find difficulties such as language hurdles, cultural hurdles, writing trouble (dysgraphia), reading difficu lties (dyslexia), math difficulties (dyscalculia), memorizing difficulties and environmental disadvantages? These issues have inspired me to conduct a research about ICT in CALL for young children. Harriet, Price. The Really Useful Book of ICT in the Early Years. United Kingdom, UK: Routledge, 2008. (This book helps explain the role of ICT in young children’s education especially their language learning process.) Siraj-Blatchford, Irum., & John Siraj-Blatchford. A Guide to Developing the ICT Curriculum for Early Childhood Education. United Kingdom, UK: Trentham Books, 2006. (This book is also a great help in understanding the importance of ICT in CALL in early childhood phases.) Questionnaires and personal interviews with teachers, parents and children will be conducted. I shall visit parents at homes and teachers and children at school. I shall conduct a comparative research based on results received from children

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

I'll attach it - Essay Example This young man lived at a time when violence was the norm and through his work became a beacon of peace in the region. He travelled extensively for work, listening and learning on his travels about the customs, faiths and problems of people. He realized that the people needed to bond to be able to live peacefully. His reliance on observation and contemplation was his greatest strength. His open minded approach to problems, his humility, compassion and humaneness that taught people to return to old tribal values of helping the poor and downtrodden; endeared him to his people then, as they do today so many centuries later. His life is a shining example of a wise leader. His policy of bringing the community of Medina together regardless of faith or tribe show a remarkable understanding of the power of unity in the face of external threat. His statesmanship is revealed in his exhortation to the people to create a just and decent society whereby by each member of the community took up the responsibility of maintaining peace and harmony. His emphasis on equality for all is enshrined in his farewell sermon as he reminds his people that â€Å"All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good action.† (Prophet Muhammad, â€Å"Farewell Sermon†) The qualities of justice, compassion a willingness to learn and treat people of all denominations as equals are the hallmarks of a great leader. Prophet Muhammad displayed these abundantly. In a world riven by strife a nd violence, Prophet Muhammad’s guidance is sorely needed to heal the divisions between man and man and hence he is indispensable as a role model for today’s

Globalization and Culture Global Mlange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization and Culture Global Mlange - Essay Example He explores the culture thoroughly as the geological barriers have been removed by the technology and migration of people today. He started off with the definition of globalization which may differ from the common meaning of it. Other people consider globalization to be a single perspective only wherein the main focus is on the business side or the expansion of the corporate world. In reality, globalization is a multidimensional process wherein culture, politics, economics and social dynamics are all factors that shape the face of globalization. They may all differ from one another and can be very distinct, but they all mingle and affect globalization (Pieterse 14). The changes then bring about the huge impact on the culture of people around the world. Pieterse particularly focused on culture as it contains the values, beliefs, and norms of people that affect the social dynamics. He then attacks the current cultural change with a concept of mà ©lange as he distinguished it from the common perspectives of multicultural existence like homogenization and clash of the civilizations. Homogenization, as the word implies, pertains to the oneness or uniformity in any particular thing which means cultural homogenization is the presence of uniform culture. It is attributed to the advancement of businesses around the world. Some people pointed out that corporations and businesses like the franchise fast food chains together with capitalism drive the world into a cultural homogenization. They also call it Mc Donaldization as named after the largest fast food chain in the world (Pieterse 51-55). Perhaps it is maybe the cause of the homogenization as the brands and endorsements of big businesses affect the lifestyle, norms, values, and beliefs of people. The cultural change then follows as the businesses expand.

Design And Operation Of Engine Testing Facilty Engineering Essay

Design And Operation Of Engine Testing Facilty Engineering Essay ABSTRACT The report covers design and development of an engine testing facility for the operation of diesel and gasoline engines. It consists of two sub-cells for each engine type. It is designed by keeping Euro 5 emission standard in mind. A study was made to find the power output of the diesel engines of 1.3 lit. Turbo to 6.0 lit. Tdi and gasoline engine of 1.6 lit. With variable vane turbo charger and variable geometry valve timing. The Heat balance sheet for both the engine and the test cell was made on the basis of power output. afterwards, the mass flow rate of the fuel, air, cooling water and oil were calculated to design the test cell. The dynamometer and other equipments were selected based on their types and operation requirements. At the end the bill of material of all the parts purchased was prepared to illustrate that the designed testing facility meets the funds of the project. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT Introduction 5 Test Cell Facilities Typical Test Cell Layout Thermodynamics of the test cell and flow measurement 7 Energy Balance 2.2.1Diesel Engine Energy Balance 2.2.2 Diesel Cell Energy Balance 2.3.1 Gasoline Engine Energy Balance 2.3.2 Gasoline Cell Energy Balance Test Cell Design Individual Test Cell Size Test Cell Design Cell Services Diesel Test Cell Layout Dynamometers Dynamometer mechanism Dynamometer Types Selection Of Dynamometer Instrument Selection 5.1Engine Speed 5.2 Temperature Measurement 5.3 Flow Rates Measurement 5.4 Pressure Transducers 5.5 Emission Equipment 5.6 Smoke Measurement 5.7 Prices of the Instruments Conclusion Reference CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the present scenario, internal combustion engines have become the most widespread form of energy conversion from chemical to mechanical form. A lot more is going on these days to improve the design of the engine using better materials and techniques in order to achieve more power and fuel economy. Considering the amount of effort that is being put to design an engine from scratch, the art of testing an engine is becoming much harder to master. The work of designing a test cell which should test engines with varied range of power output and size requires not only the skill and technical knowledge of the subject; it also requires the exposure to the new and developing experimental techniques to observe even the minute aspect of the project in order to design the best possible layout. The testing of an engine requires correctly measuring the parameters such as temperatures, air flow, fuel flow, air velocity and several meter readings in the first attempt itself as its an expensive ex ercise to conduct an engine test. [2] 1.1 TEST CELL AND FACILITIES To build a test cell requires a detailed study of the energy input and output with respect to the engine, size of the engine etc. So the proper plan has to be carried out. The test facility should be well equipped with the modern test equipments and instruments like gas analyser, transducers etc. Following topics discussed the facilities. 1.2 A Typical Test Cell Layout The following fig. shows a typical cell layout showing the different systems like ventilation for air, conditioning systems, data acquisition, cooling and air conditioning system etc.. Fig. 1.1 A typical Test cell layout CHAPTER 2 ENERGY BALANCE AND MEASUREMENT 2.1 ENERGY BALANCE With reference to the table and the figure, an energy balance of the 1.3 litres turbo engine (manufactured by FIAT), which produces a power of 95bhp @4000 rpm (equivalent to 70 KW) is carried out. The same procedure can be later followed to calculate the energy flows for the 6.0 litre Tdi V12 Volkswagen engine producing a power of 331 KW @6050 rpm 560 Nm of torque at 2750 rpm. 2.2.1 DIESEL ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE Engine: 1.3 litre turbocharged diesel engine, power output: 95 bhp(70.87 KW) Assuming thermal efficiency of the engine = 0.42, calorific value of diesel = 44.8 MJ/kg So, fuel input power = 70.87/0.42 = 168.73 KW Specific fuel consumption = Table 2.2 Energy Balance for the fiat 500 1.3 litre turbocharged 70.87 KW diesel engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 168.73KW Power 70.87KW (42%) Heat to cooling water 33.746KW(20%) Heat to oil cooler 5.0619 KW (3%) Heat to exhaust 42.1825KW(25%) Conv. and Radiation 16.873KW(10%) Total 168.73 KW 168.73 KW Flow Rate Calculations: Mass flow rate of the fuel: = The density of diesel fuel is à Ã‚  = 0.832 Kg / lt So, the fuel flow rate is: = 16.0096 litres / hr. Air flow: : Assuming that the air-fuel ratio at full load is 25:1 and air density is 1.2 Kg /, = 333 Kg / hr. = 333.5/1.2 = 277.5 m3/hr. Cooling water flow : : Heat loss to the cooling water is assumed to be 20% Therefore, Heat loss = Assuming 10 degrees rise in the water temperature = 48.4392 kg/min Exhaust flow : = 346.32 Kg/hr Engine: Volkswagen 331 KW, 450 BHP engine The energy balance and mass flow rates for this engine was calculated by similar fashion as shown in the above case. Table 2.3 Energy Balance for the Volkswagen 331 KW,450 bhp engine: Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 788.09KW Power 331 KW (42%) Heat to cooling water 157.6KW(20%) Heat to oil cooler 23.64 KW (3%) Heat to exhaust 197.02 KW (25%) Conv. and Radiation 78.809KW(10%) Total 788.09 KW 788.09 KW Table 2.4 Flow rates for the Volkswagen 331 KW engine: Particulars Mass flow rate Fuel 63.3286 kg/hr Air 1583.21 /hr Cooling Water 226.22 kg/min or lts/min Exhaust 1583 kg/hr 2.2.2 DIESEL CELL ENERGY BALANCE The energy balance for the diesel cell has been shown the table 2.5. Some of these calculations are being done in the ventilation system section. Table 2.5 Energy balance for the diesel test cell for 450 BHP diesel engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 788.09 KW Exhaust Gas 150 KW Ventilation Fan Power 10 KW Dynamometer Power 373 KW Electrical Cell Services 25 KW Engine Cooling Water 157.6 KW Ventilation Air 150.868 KW Cell Wall Losses 5 KW Total 823.09 KW Total 823.09 KW 2.3.1 GASOLINE ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE This cell is required to test the engines from 1.6 litre variable vane turbocharger with variable valve timing to 3 litres 400 BHP engine. Engine: Toyota corolla 1.6 litre VVT, 110 [emailprotected] rpm, 150 [emailprotected] rpm The energy balance and flow rate calculations are same as that of the previous. Assuming 30 30-30-10 thumb rule. The calorific value of petrol is = 48000 KJ/kg. Table 2.6 Energy Balance for the Toyota corolla1.6 litre 80 KW petrol engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 267KW Power 80 KW (30%) Heat to cooling water 80 KW (30%) Heat to exhaust 80 KW (30%) Conv. and Radiation 27 KW (10%) Total 267 KW 267 KW The 30-30-30-10 rule is used for the assumption that means assuming 30% thermal efficiency of the engine and the fuel power input has been calculated on this basis. Later, 30% heat loss is carried away by the engine cooling water and the exhaust of the engine. The 10% heat is lost to the surrounding air by convection and radiation. Following table represents the various flow rates for the engine assuming the air fuel ratio at full load to be 15:1 for the gasoline engines. Table 2.7 Flow rates for the Renault 1.6 litres VVT 80 KW engine Particulars Mass flow rate Fuel 20 kg/hr Air (A:F = 15:1) 250 /hr Cooling Water 115 kg/min or lts/min Exhaust 320 kg/hr Engine: A 3.0 litre 400 BHP (294 KW) gasoline engine Energy balance and flow rates have been calculated similarly as previous cases. Table 2.8 Energy Balance for the 3.0 litre 400 BHP petrol engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 980KW Power 294 KW (30%) Heat to cooling water 294 KW (30%) Heat to exhaust 294 KW (30%) Conv. and Radiation 98 KW (10%) Total 980 KW 980 KW The values shown in the above table have been calculated assuming the 30-30-30-10 rule as discussed in the previous section and the table below shows the various flow rates for the gasoline engine. Table 2.9 Flow rates for the Renault 1.6 litres VVT 80 KW engine Particulars Mass flow rate Fuel 73.5 kg/hr Air (A:F = 15:1) 920 /hr Cooling Water 422 kg/min or lts/min Exhaust 1178 kg/hr 2.3.2 GASOLINE CELL ENERGY BALANCE: The table below represents the energy flows in and out of the cell when operating on full capacity of 400 BHP gasoline engine Table 2.10 Energy balance for the gasoline test cell for 400 BHP engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 980 KW Exhaust Gas 274 KW Ventilation Fan Power 5 KW Dynamometer Power 250 KW Electrical Cell Services 25 KW Engine Cooling Water 294 KW Ventilation Air 187 KW Cell Wall Losses 5 KW Total 1010 KW Total 1010 KW The energy balance sheets for the diesel and gasoline engines lay a firm foundation for the design of the in-cell services and selection of the equipments that have been carried out in the later chapters. CHAPTER 3 3.2 TEST CELL DESIGN The test cells must be provided with the following services: Water supply and drainage system Fuel supply system Ventilation system Taking engine exhaust to exterior Fire and safety regulations Portable test stand for the engine and dynamometer Control room or console etc We have to keep the temperature maintained at the ambient, so we have to give importance to ventilation system also. General purpose engine test cell has been shown in fig. 3.1. A typical test cell layout that has been used for these types of engines has also been shown in the fig. 3.2. Such type of cells is usually built side by side with common control room. The engines are imported in the cell from the rear door whereas the operator could enter from the front door. A thick glass is mounted between the control room and the engine cells so the operator could have a look at the cells while sitting inside the control room. [1] Fig. 3.1 General arrangement inside an engine cell aligned against a wall and the control room on the other side of the engine. Fig. 3.2 A layout of the test facility with two cells having a common control room .. Fig. 3.1 and 3.2 shows the typical layout of a facility incorporated with two separate cells and a common control room with a thick glass window separating the cell and the control room. The cells are aligned with a wall which leads the exhaust outlet to the atmosphere. 3.3 CELL SERVICES 3.3.1 VENTILATION SYSTEM Ventilation system plays a very important role in any engine testing laboratory or testing cell. inside the cell due to running of heavy engine a high temperature is developed also at the surface of the engine . so it is necessary to carry away this heat ventilation system should be strong enough , also it is necessary to keep the surrounding temperature at ambient conditions. The convection and radiation losses are assumed as below (based on diesel engine): Engine 78.809 KW (10% as mentioned in heat balance) Exhaust Manifold 10 KW Exhaust tailpipe and silencer 10 KW Dynamometer 40 KW Electrical equipments 15 KW Forced draught fan 5 KW Subtotal 158.809 KW Total (assuming 95% efficiency of the ventilation system) 150.868KW Table 3.2 Heat losses to be considered for the ventilation system design For the total heat loss from engine by convection and radiation H = 150.868 KW, the volume flow rate of air can be calculated as: Taking H = 150.868 KW, C = 1.01 KJ/Kg-K, à Ã‚  = 1.2 kg/m3, and temp rise of 10, the mass flow rate is: 12.447 m3/sec. or 746.87 m3/min. the air flow velocity in the duct could be taken in between 15-20 m/sec. For this value, the cross-sectional area could be 0.37-0.49 m2. So, from a range of standard duct area, it could be taken as 600mm X 600mm ( square duct) as it results into the air flow velocity of 19.5m/sec (satisfies the range of 15-20 m/sec) and velocity pressure or dynamic pressure of 228 Pa. [3] from the above data centrifugal and axial fans were selected for the inlet and outlet respectively . typical ventilation system is as shown in the fig. Specification of the fan used in the ventilation system is as follows: Fan Air vol. (m3/hr) Speed (rpm) Power (KW) Centrifugal 920 2250 0.29 Axial 958 1680 0.21 Table 3.4 represents the specification of fans selected for ventilation 3.3.3 COOLING WATER SYSTEM Water is an almost ideal cooling fluid as it has a high specific heat value, low viscosity, relatively low corrosivity and is freely available (Martyr and Plint, 2007). The required flow rates can be calculated similarly to that of air if the heat to be transferred and the change in temperature is known. Additives such as ethylene glycol (antifreeze) can be added to the water to improve the operating temperature range of the cooling system and inhibit corrosion, although the specific heat value will be reduced. There are various types of cooling water circuits that can be considered like: Open water circuit, where the water is supplied directly from the mains and is therefore not circulated back. Closed water cooling circuits, where the water is supplied from a sump or tank and can be circulated back. This has an advantage that the coolant could me mixed in water sump to improve the cooling effect. Closed pump circuit 3.4 DIESEL TEST CELL LAYOUT C:UsersrohitDesktopdiesel cell layout.png Fig. 3.4 The diesel cell layout base on all the calculation done CHAPTER 4 DYNAMOMETERS Dynamometers are used inside the test cell to measure the torque which developed on the engine output shaft. It also measures the power output of the engine. 4.1 WORKING OF DYNAMOMETER Fig. 4.1 typical setup of dynamometer The dynamometer resists the rotation of the engine shaft to measure its torque. The rotor rotates inside the stator which as the name indicates is stationary. The rotor exerts torque on the stator and this balanced by the load cell. The toque is given by: T = F X B And so the power developed by the engine could be known as: P = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬NT KW If the engine speed (in rpm) is measured using tachometer, the power could be easily calculated using the above equation. 4.2 TYPES OF DYNAMOMETER : The dynamometer types which are in practice include: Hydraulic Dynamometer DC Dynamometer AC Dynamometer Eddy current Dynamometer Each one of the above mentioned dynamometers has different set of working principle. There are four quadrants in which a dynamometer can operate: rotating clockwise producing or absorbing torque and rotating counter clockwise producing or absorbing torque. Figure gives a diagrammatical layout of these four quadrants. Most water brakes can only operate in the first quadrant. Eddy current dynamometers can operate in the first two quadrants, while AC/DC dynamometers can be used in all four quadrants. Figure 3-13: Dynamometer operating quadrants (Martyr and Plint, 2007) 4.3 DYNAMOMETER SELECTION: Different types of dynamometer has been studied by considering the advantage and disadvantage of each type of dynamometer the AC dynamometer has been chosen as it can perform in all the four quadrants and has lower inertia than the DC dynamometers, which makes it less vulnerable to vibrations due to rotation of the shaft. Diesel Cell: As the cell has been designed to fit in the engine ranging from 75-500 BHP. The dynamometer selected for this cell is AC 500 1811. 373 kw manufactured by Mustang dynamometer . The specifications are listed in table 4.2: Horsepower Cooling Type Constant torque range(ft-lb) Max Torque (ft-lb) 500 Blower 2455 2455 Table 4.2 AC dynamometer selected for diesel cell Gasoline Cell: The gasoline cell has been designed in such a way that it will test the engine with a maximum of 400 BHP. The selected dynamometer was AC 400 HP dynamometer manufacture by Dyne systems and its specifications are listed in the table 4.3 Horsepower Constant Torque range (ft-lb) Constant HP range Max Torque (ft-lb) 400 1175 3525 1787.91 Table 4.3 AC dynamometer selected for the gasoline cell CHAPTER 5 SELECTION OF INSTRUMENTS 5.1 SHAFT SPEED MEASUREMENT Tachometer is used for the engine speed measurement the non contacting digital tachometer is used so that it will not affect on the speed of the shaft . following tachometer is selected Make: Check-line ltd, Model: ctd-1000hd, Non-contact type, Measuring rang : 1.00-99999 Rpm, Prize: 5.2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT The inlet air, coolant inlet and outlet, exhaust and oil temperatures can be measured with thermocouples. Depending on the temperature to be measured, K and J type Thermocouples are the most common thermocouples available. J types operate in a smaller range, approximately to 150 °C while K types operate up to 1500 °C 5.3 FLOW RATE MEASUREMENTS a) Turbine-flow meter: Omega, model: FTB790 Series. It has an output range of 0-5V DC b) Fuel-flow meter: Fischer-Porter Digital fuel flow meter is selected c) Air-flow meter: Mass-air flow meter manufactured by Shijiazhuang Fortune Industrial Trading Co., Ltd. and FHC Ind, model: FHC-CMF I-DNXX Limited has been selected. temp range of -40 to 200. 5.4 PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS Omega high accuracy pressure transducer has been selected Model: PX01C1 -100G5T 5. Range: 0-400 bar, with 0 to 5 Vdc Output accuracy . 5 EMISSION EQUIPMENT The equipments used should be of euro 5 standards following chart shows the emission norms for euro 5 and euro 6 standards: EURO 5 EURO 6 PERTOL DIESEL PETROL DIESEL CO 1 0.5 1 0.5 THC 0.1 0.1 NMHC 0.068 0.068 NOX 0.06 0.18 0.06 0.08 HC+NOX 0.23 0.17 PM 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 Fig. 5.2 EURO 5 and EURO 6 emission standards Exhaust gas analyser: XM2000 5 -gas analyser Exhaust Measurement System provides a portable, low cost tool for continuous analysis of engine exhaust gas components (HC, CO, CO2, NO, O2) system. XM2000 -gas analyser manufactured by Dyne Systems Inc. 5.6 PRICE-LIST Items Price ( Reason for purchase Dynamometers 1,20,000 Power and Torque measurement Centrifugal Fans 500 Forced Draught Axial Fans 1800 Ventilation Exit Feet levelling for beds 700 Absorb vibrations 6 thermocouples 100 Temp. measurement 2 Infrared thermometers 280 Non-invasive temp. 2 Digital Tachometers 125 Engine Speed measurement 2 Data-Acquisition System 1,10,000 Record and transfer data to control room 2 Pressure Transducers 700 Cylinder Pressures All types of flow meters 10,000 Measure mass flow rates Gas Leak Detectors 400 To detect leaks Smoke Detectors 50 To detect fire 5-Gas Analyzers (2nos) 4,50,000 To check emission TOTAL COST 6,67,780  £ CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION